Animal research has been fundamental to the progress of basic and applied biomedical sciences. The combination of genetic engineering with new information on the molecular understanding of diseases has provided a strong framework on which to advance personalized cardiovascular medicine. This chapter uses three inheritable diseases (catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and oculodentodigital dysplasia) to demonstrate how animal models have served (or have failed to serve) as surrogates of disease and in doing so, have permitted research that can translate back to the patient.