Social-Emotional and Cognitive Risk Factors Connected With Recidivism in Sexual Offenders: An Explorative Study

The literature suggests that sex offenders are more at risk of relapse and how much treatment pathways are needed to prevent it. Furthermore, the picture of predisposing factors connected to relapse appears complex. Therefore, the aim of this work is to verify the framework of social-cognitive risk factors connected to relapse in sex offenders. Participants in the study are 128 male sex offenders. The age range of the participants goes from 21 to 75 years (M = 41.74; SD = 13.45). Participants were given self-report questionnaires to evaluate cognitive distortions towards children and towards the right to sexuality, the Hanson Sex Attitude Questionnaire; cognitive distortions towards women, the Vindictive Rape Attitude Questionnaire; the mechanisms of moral disengagement, the Moral Disengagement Scale; furthermore, based on the grid of De Leo and colleagues, any adverse conditions (abuse, mistreatment, poverty, substance abuse, institutionalization) during childhood and/or adolescence were identified. Recidivism, on the other hand, was examined by asking participants if they had been convicted several times of the same crime and verifying this information through their files. The results showed that institutionalization, abuse, cognitive distortions towards women, and the mechanism of attributing blame to the victim can be relevant risk factors associated with relapse. The picture that emerged could suggest how the occurrence in a context of institutionalization during childhood could evidently represent an adverse condition during individual development that acts as a predisposing factor for the risk of relapse; in fact, it is possible to hypothesize that this condition may be linked to experiences of neglect. In the direction, the cognitive distortions towards women and the mechanism of attributing guilt to the victim represented the fulcrum of the deviant cognitive scheme capable of legitimizing the activation of violent and abusive behavior.

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Risk Factors Related to Cognitive Distortions Toward Women and Moral Disengagement: A Study on Sex Offenders

Sexuality & Culture ◽

10.1007/s12119-018-9572-9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 544-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Giulio D’Urso ◽

Irene Petruccelli ◽

Simona Grilli ◽

Ugo Pace

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sex Offenders ◽

Moral Disengagement ◽

Cognitive Distortions

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Predicting On-Road Driving Skills, Fitness to Drive, and Prospective Accident Risk in Older Drivers and Drivers with Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Importance of Non-Cognitive Risk Factors

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-200943 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 401-414

Author(s):

Max Toepper ◽

Philipp Schulz ◽

Thomas Beblo ◽

Martin Driessen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Older Drivers ◽

Accident Risk ◽

Fitness To Drive ◽

Cognitive Predictors ◽

Driving Skills ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Cognitive Risk Factors

Background: On-road driving behavior can be impaired in older drivers and particularly in drivers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective: To determine whether cognitive and non-cognitive risk factors for driving safety may allow an accurate and economic prediction of on-road driving skills, fitness to drive, and prospective accident risk in healthy older drivers and drivers with MCI, we examined a representative combined sample of older drivers with and without MCI (N = 74) in an observational on-road study. In particular, we examined whether non-cognitive risk factors improve predictive accuracy provided by cognitive factors alone. Methods: Multiple and logistic hierarchical regression analyses were utilized to predict different driving outcomes. In all regression models, we included cognitive predictors alone in a first step and added non-cognitive predictors in a second step. Results: Results revealed that the combination of cognitive and non-cognitive risk factors significantly predicted driving skills (R2adjusted = 0.30) and fitness to drive (81.2% accuracy) as well as the number (R2adjusted = 0.21) and occurrence (88.3% accuracy) of prospective minor at-fault accidents within the next 12 months. In all analyses, the inclusion of non-cognitive risk factors led to a significant increase of explained variance in the different outcome variables. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a combination of the most robust cognitive and non-cognitive risk factors may allow an economic and accurate prediction of on-road driving performance and prospective accident risk in healthy older drivers and drivers with MCI. Therefore, non-cognitive risk factors appear to play an important role.

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Cognitive Risk Factors and Neuropsychological Performance in HIV Infection

International Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.3109/00207459309000557 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 70 (1-2) ◽

pp. 13-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Keith H. Claypoole ◽

Brenda D. Townes ◽

Ann C. Collier ◽

Christina Marra ◽

W. T. Longstreth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Neuropsychological Performance ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Cognitive Risk Factors

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Clinical and cognitive risk factors for psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a transversal and longitudinal approach

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry ◽

10.1007/s00787-013-0469-8 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 425-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Maude Schneider ◽

Marie Schaer ◽

A. Kadir Mutlu ◽

Sarah Menghetti ◽

Bronwyn Glaser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽

Deletion Syndrome ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

22Q11.2 Deletion ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Longitudinal Approach ◽

Cognitive Risk Factors

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Functional (psychogenic non-epileptic/dissociative) seizures: why and how?

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/jnnp-2021-326708 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. jnnp-2021-326708

Author(s):

Deniz Ertan ◽

Selma Aybek ◽

W Curt LaFrance, Jr. ◽

Kousuke Kanemoto ◽

Alexis Tarrada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multilevel Models ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Psychological Disorders ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Dissociative Seizures ◽

Cognitive Risk Factors

Functional seizures (FS) known also as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or dissociative seizures, present with ictal semiological manifestations, along with various comorbid neurological and psychological disorders. Terminology inconsistencies and discrepancies in nomenclatures of FS may reflect limitations in understanding the neuropsychiatric intricacies of this disorder. Psychological and neurobiological processes of FS are incompletely understood. Nevertheless, important advances have been made on underlying neuropsychopathophysiological mechanisms of FS. These advances provide valuable information about the underlying mechanisms of mind–body interactions. From this perspective, this narrative review summarises recent studies about aetiopathogenesis of FS at two levels: possible risk factors (why) and different aetiopathogenic models of FS (how). We divided possible risk factors for FS into three categories, namely neurobiological, psychological and cognitive risk factors. We also presented different models of FS based on psychological and neuroanatomical understanding, multilevel models and integrative understanding of FS. This work should help professionals to better understand current views on the multifactorial mechanisms involved in the development of FS. Shedding light on the different FS profiles in terms of aetiopathogenesis will help guide how best to direct therapy, based on these different underlying mechanisms.

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