Effect of Resistance Training With Total and Partial Blood Flow Restriction on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Untrained Men

Introduction: The characterization of immune and oxidative stress responses to acute and chronic exercise training is important because it may aid in the safety and dose–response prescription of resistance training (RT) in many populations.Purpose: The present study compared changes in acute oxidative stress and markers of apoptosis in immune cells before and after 8 weeks of low-load RT with total or partial blood flow restriction (BFR) versus high-load traditional RT.Methods: Twenty-seven untrained men were randomly divided into three groups: traditional RT [75% one-repetition maximum (1-RM)], RT with partial (20% 1-RM), and total BFR (20% 1-RM). Over an 8-week period, participants performed six sets of arm curls until failure with 90 seconds of recovery for 3 days/week. Blood samples were obtained before and after the first and last training sessions.Results: Data indicated that all training groups showed similar increases in muscular strength (p < 0.001), reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) after exercise in neutrophils (p < 0.001), and increase in caspase-3 activity after exercise (p < 0.001). Traditional RT and total BFR showed increased plasma lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) and protein carbonyls (p < 0.001) and lower levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.001) after exercise. No change was observed in oxidative stress biomarkers in response to partial BFR (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Data show that RT with partial BFR can increase muscular strength but still does not augment biomarkers of oxidative stress in untrained men. In addition, RT with total BFR promoted similar responses of oxidative stress and markers of immune cell apoptosis versus traditional RT.

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Does Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training Improve Knee-Extensor Strength, Function, and Reduce Patient-Reported Pain? A Critically Appraised Topic

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2021-0081 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Matthew Zaremba ◽

Joel Martin ◽

Marcie Fyock-Martin

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Knee Injury ◽

Strength Function ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Flow Restriction ◽

Patient Reported ◽

And Function ◽

Knee Pathology

Clinical Scenario: Knee pathologies often require rehabilitation to address the loss of knee-extensor (KE) strength, function, and heightened pain. However, in the early stages of rehabilitation, higher loads may be contraindicated. Blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance training does not require high loads and has been used clinically to promote strength improvements in a variety of injured populations. BFR resistance training may be an effective alternative to high-intensity resistance training during early rehabilitation of knee pathologies. Clinical Question: Following a knee injury, does BFR resistance training improve KE strength and function, and reduce patient-reported pain? Summary of Key Findings: Four randomized controlled trial studies met the inclusion criteria. Each included study evaluated the use of BFR resistance training on knee pathologies and the effects on KE strength, functional outcomes, and pain compared with high- or low-load resistance training. All 4 studies reported significant improvements in KE strength, function, and pain through a variety of outcome measures, following BFR resistance training use as the treatment. Clinical Bottom Line: There is consistent evidence to support the use of BFR resistance training as a treatment intervention following knee injury and as a means to improve KE strength and function and to reduce pain. Strength of Recommendation: Grade A evidence supporting the use of BFR resistance training for improvement in KE strength and function, and the reduction of patient-reported pain following an acute or chronic knee pathology.

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Practical blood flow restriction training increases muscle hypertrophy during a periodized resistance training programme

Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging ◽

10.1111/cpf.12099 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 317-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Ryan P. Lowery ◽

Jordan M. Joy ◽

Jeremy P. Loenneke ◽

Eduardo O. de Souza ◽

Marco Machado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Hypertrophy ◽

Training Programme ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Flow Restriction ◽

Resistance Training Programme

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Correction to: Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy in Older Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Sports Medicine ◽

10.1007/s40279-018-1013-2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 109-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christoph Centner ◽

Patrick Wiegel ◽

Albert Gollhofer ◽

Daniel König

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Muscular Strength ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Flow Restriction

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Effects of exercise intensity and occlusion pressure after 12 weeks of resistance training with blood-flow restriction

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-015-3253-2 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 115 (12) ◽

pp. 2471-2480 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Manoel E. Lixandrão ◽

Carlos Ugrinowitsch ◽

Gilberto Laurentino ◽

Cleiton A. Libardi ◽

André Y. Aihara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Occlusion Pressure ◽

Flow Restriction

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Training response to 8 weeks of blood flow restricted training is not improved by preferentially altering tissue hypoxia or lactate accumulation when training to repetition failure

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-1056 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

William Neil Morley ◽

Shane Ferth ◽

Mathew Ian Bergens Debenham ◽

Matthew Boston ◽

Geoffrey Alonzo Power ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Moderate Pressure ◽

Muscular Endurance ◽

Occlusion Pressure ◽

Flow Restriction ◽

Traditional Resistance Training

Despite compelling muscular structure and function changes resulting from blood flow restricted (BFR) resistance training, mechanisms of action remain poorly characterized. Alterations in tissue O2 saturation (TSI%) and metabolites are potential drivers of observed changes, but their relationships with degree of occlusion pressure are unclear. We examined local TSI% and blood lactate (BL) concentration during BFR training to failure using different occlusion pressures on strength, hypertrophy, and muscular endurance over an 8-week training period. Twenty participants (11M:9F) trained 3/wk for 8wk using high pressure (100% resting limb occlusion pressure, LOP, 20%1RM), moderate pressure (50% LOP, 20%1RM), or traditional resistance training (70%1RM). Strength, size, and muscular endurance were measured pre/post training. TSI% and BL were quantified during a training session. Despite overall increases, no group preferentially increased strength, hypertrophy, or muscular endurance (p>0.05). Neither TSI% nor BL concentration differed between groups (p>0.05). Moderate pressure resulted in greater accumulated deoxygenation stress (TSI%*time) (-6352±3081, -3939±1835, -2532±1349 au for moderate pressure, high pressure, and TRT, p=0.018). We demonstrate that BFR training to task-failure elicits similar strength, hypertrophy, and muscular endurance changes to traditional resistance training. Further, varied occlusion pressure does not impact these outcomes, nor elicit changes in TSI% or BL concentrations. Novelty Bullets • Training to task failure with low-load blood flow restriction elicits similar improvements to traditional resistance training, regardless of occlusion pressure. • During blood flow restriction, altering occlusion pressure does not proportionally impact tissue O2 saturation nor blood lactate concentrations

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Improving the prognosis of renal patients: the role of blood flow‐restriction resistance training on redox balance and cardiac autonomic function

Experimental Physiology ◽

10.1113/ep089341 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lysleine Alves Deus ◽

Rodrigo Vanerson Passos Neves ◽

Hugo de Luca Corrêa ◽

Andrea Lucena Reis ◽

Fernando Sousa Honorato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Autonomic Function ◽

Redox Balance ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Cardiac Autonomic Function ◽

Flow Restriction

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Blood Flow Restriction Therapy Impact on Musculoskeletal Strength and Mass

Video Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/26350254211032681 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 263502542110326

Author(s):

Steven R. Dayton ◽

Simon J. Padanilam ◽

Tyler C. Sylvester ◽

Michael J. Boctor ◽

Vehniah K. Tjong

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Load Resistance ◽

High Load ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Occlusion Pressure ◽

Total Occlusion ◽

Flow Restriction ◽

Low Load

Background: Blood flow restriction (BFR) training restricts arterial inflow and venous outflow from the extremity and can produce gains in muscle strength at low loads. Low-load training reduces joint stress and decreases cardiovascular risk when compared with high-load training, thus making BFR an excellent option for many patients requiring rehabilitation. Indications: Blood flow restriction has shown clinical benefit in a variety of patient populations including healthy patients as well as those with osteoarthritis, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and Achilles tendon rupture. Technique Description: This video demonstrates BFR training in 3 clinical areas: upper extremity resistance training, lower extremity resistance training, and low-intensity cycling. All applications of BFR first require determination of total occlusion pressure. Upper extremity training requires inflating the tourniquet to 50% of total occlusion pressure, while lower extremity exercises use 80% of total occlusion pressure. Low-load resistance training exercises follow a specific repetition scheme: 30 reps followed by a 30-second rest and then 3 sets of 15 reps with 30-seconds rest between each. During cycle training, 80% total occlusion pressure is used as the patient cycles for 15 minutes without rest. Results: Augmenting low-load resistance training with BFR increases muscle strength when compared with low-load resistance alone. In addition, low-load BFR has demonstrated an increase in muscle mass greater than low-load training alone and equivalent to high-load training absent BFR. A systematic review determined the safety of low-load training with BFR is comparable to traditional high-intensity resistance training. The most common adverse effects include exercise intolerance, discomfort, and dull pain which are also frequent in patients undergoing traditional resistance training. Severe adverse effects including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and rhabdomyolysis are exceedingly rare, less than 0.006% according to a national survey. Patients undergoing BFR rehabilitation experience less perceived exertion and demonstrate decreased pain scores compared with high-load resistance training. Conclusion: Blood flow restriction training is an effective alternative to high-load resistance training for patients requiring musculoskeletal rehabilitation for multiple disease processes as well as in the perioperative setting. Blood flow restriction has been shown to be a safe training modality when managed by properly trained physical therapists and athletic trainers.

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