scholarly journals Feedback at Test Can Reverse the Retrieval-Effort Effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Kliegl ◽  
Robert A. Bjork ◽  
Karl-Heinz T. Bäuml
Keyword(s):  
Effort Effect

scholarly journals Starting a Conversation: The Effort, Effect and Affect of Trans Poetics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrence Abrahams
Keyword(s):  
Literary Culture ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Poetry And Poetics ◽  
Trans People ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Effort Effect

In the introduction to Troubling the Line: Trans and Genderqueer Poetry and Poetics, editor TC Tolbert states that the cultural work of this anthology is, in part, “an attempt to expand the range of what is possible for trans and genderqueer poets and to acknowledge that there is no such thing as monolithic trans and genderqueer poetry” (10). Tolbert further notes that there are two dangers to producing an anthology that will, undoubtedly, shift literary culture: they are exclusion and isolation or confinement (11). Tolbert and fellow editor Trace Peterson are both aware, then, that as a burgeoning field of study and literary culture, transgender poetry and poetics simply cannot be defined, lest they perpetuate exclusion (a state with which trans writers are most familiar) and isolation (Tolbert here cites a “biographical frame [that] puts more emphasis on the author ... than the actual poems” - but the editors are also rightly concerned that only other trans people will be interested in trans poetics, meaning cisgender readers will overlook these works [11]).

scholarly journals Supply Chain Coordination under Trade Credit and Quantity Discount with Sales Effort Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihong Wang ◽  
Shaofeng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Supply Chain Coordination ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Quantity Discount ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
Effort Effect

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of trade credit and quantity discount in supply chain coordination when the sales effort effect on market demand is considered. In this paper, we consider a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a single retailer ordering a single product from a single manufacturer. Market demand is stochastic and is influenced by retailer sales effort. We formulate an analytical model based on a single trade credit and find that the single trade credit cannot achieve the perfect coordination of the supply chain. Then, we develop a hybrid quantitative analytical model for supply chain coordination by coherently integrating incentives of trade credit and quantity discount with sales effort effects. The results demonstrate that, providing that the discount rate satisfies certain conditions, the proposed hybrid model combining trade credit and quantity discount will be able to effectively coordinate the supply chain by motivating retailers to exert their sales effort and increase product order quantity. Furthermore, the hybrid quantitative analytical model can provide great flexibility in coordinating the supply chain to achieve an optimal situation through the adjustment of relevant parameters to resolve conflict of interests from different supply chain members. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid model.

scholarly journals Errata

1771 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 694-694
Keyword(s):  
Effort Effect

Vol. LIX. Pag. 69, line 23, for shortest read longest. Vol. LX. Pag. 194, 8, effort effect. 11, knots knobs. 205, 13, explosion expulsion. 211, 9, mere more.

Effect of Effort on Percentage of Short Interresponse Times: Constant and Varied Effort Conditions

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindylee A. Ginter ◽  
Harvard L. Armus
Keyword(s):  
Response Force ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Force Requirement ◽  
Interresponse Times ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Effort Effect ◽  
Significant Effort

This study investigated the effect of response effort on the percentage of short interresponse times under constant and varied effort conditions. After training on a lever-pressing task, rats were subjected to either a constant or a varied 10-g or 55-g response force (effort) requirement. The percentage of short interresponse times (under 1 sec.) was recorded in both acquisition and extinction phases of testing. The findings showed no effect of effort on the occurrence of short interresponse times during acquisition. However, there was a significant effort effect in extinction for the varied effort group, the higher force requirement resulting in a greater percentage of short interresponse times.

Effort Effect: An Artifact of Effort-Produced Partial Responses?

1998 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-716
Author(s):  
Wendy S. Miller ◽  
Harvard L. Armus
Keyword(s):  
Effort Effect

scholarly journals Affirmative Action: One Size Does Not Fit All

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kala Krishna ◽  
Alexander Tarasov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Selection Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Access ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Effort Effect

This paper identifies a new reason for giving preferences to the disadvantaged using a model of contests. There are two forces at work: the effort effect working against giving preferences and the selection effect working in favor of them. When education is costly and easy to obtain (as in the United States), the selection effect dominates. When education is heavily subsidized and limited in supply (as in India), preferences are welfare reducing. The model also shows that unequal treatment of identical agents can be welfare improving, providing insights into when the counterintuitive policy of rationing educational access to some subgroups is welfare improving. (JEL H52, H75, I23, I28, J15, O15)

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