Effect of Effort on Percentage of Short Interresponse Times: Constant and Varied Effort Conditions

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindylee A. Ginter ◽  
Harvard L. Armus
Keyword(s):  
Response Force ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Force Requirement ◽  
Interresponse Times ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Effort Effect ◽  
Significant Effort

This study investigated the effect of response effort on the percentage of short interresponse times under constant and varied effort conditions. After training on a lever-pressing task, rats were subjected to either a constant or a varied 10-g or 55-g response force (effort) requirement. The percentage of short interresponse times (under 1 sec.) was recorded in both acquisition and extinction phases of testing. The findings showed no effect of effort on the occurrence of short interresponse times during acquisition. However, there was a significant effort effect in extinction for the varied effort group, the higher force requirement resulting in a greater percentage of short interresponse times.

Effect of Response Effort Requirement on Percentage of Short Interresponse Times under Delayed and Immediate Reinforcement

1988 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvard L. Armus ◽  
Denise C. Mikesell
Keyword(s):  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Interresponse Times ◽  
Operant Task ◽  
Response Feedback

Higher levels of required response effort on an operant task resulted in a greater percentage of short (less than 1 sec.) interresponse times for rats receiving a 2-sec. delay of food reinforcement. These results and those of previous studies were discussed in terms of a possible explanation based on salience of response feedback stimuli.

Effect of Response Effort on the Reward Value of Distinctively Flavored Food Pellets

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1031-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Armus
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Free Feeding

This study was designed to test whether distinctively flavored food pellets, used as rewards for lever-pressing by rats, would acquire different reward values as a function of the differential effort involved in making the lever-pressing response which would be predictable from the concept of cognitive dissonance. Subjects were seven Long-Evans strain hooded rats, 301–308 days old at the start of the study and had had their body weights reduced to 80% of their free-feeding weights. Testing was done in a Y-maze, with food pellets associated with the difficult lever-press response serving as the reward for one choice and pellets associated with the easy lever-press response for the other. Analysis showed there was no preference in the choice of either the “easy” or the “difficult” pellets, the choice not being significantly different from chance. This indicated that the effort involved in making a response did not affect the reward strength of food pellets when used to reward a response with a different topography.

Magnitude interference between number processing and response force planning

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Lindemann ◽  
Roel Bousardt ◽  
Harold Bekkering
Keyword(s):  
Number Processing ◽  
Response Force ◽  
Force Planning

Feedback and feedforward processes during operant conditioning of response force

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Brener ◽  
Andrew B. Slifkin ◽  
Suzanne H. Mitchell ◽  
Scott Carnicom
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Response Force

NATO adaptation to current challenges and mechanisms of Ukraine’s cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Oleh Poshedin
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Response Force ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Joint Force ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Area Of Influence

The purpose of the article is to describe the changes NATO undergoing in response to the challenges of our time. Today NATO, as a key element of European and Euro-Atlantic security, is adapting to changes in the modern security environment by increasing its readiness and ability to respond to any threat. Adaptation measures include the components required to ensure that the Alliance can fully address the security challenges it might face. Responsiveness NATO Response Force enhanced by developing force packages that are able to move rapidly and respond to potential challenges and threats. As part of it, was established a Very High Readiness Joint Task Force, a new Allied joint force that deploy within a few days to respond to challenges that arise, particularly at the periphery of NATO’s territory. NATO emphasizes, that cyber defence is part of NATO’s core task of collective defence. A decision as to when a cyber attack would lead to the invocation of Article 5 would be taken by the North Atlantic Council on a case-by-case basis. Cooperation with NATO already contributes to the implementation of national security and defense in state policy. At the same time, taking into account that all decision-making in NATO based on consensus, Ukraine’s membership in the Alliance quite vague perspective. In such circumstances, in Ukraine you often can hear the idea of announcement of a neutral status. It is worth reminding that non-aligned status did not save Ukraine from Russian aggression. Neutral status will not accomplish it either. All talks about neutrality and the impossibility of Ukraine joining NATO are nothing but manipulations, as well as recognition of the Ukrainian territory as Russian Federation area of influence (this country seeks to sabotage the Euro-Atlantic movement of Ukraine). Think about it, Moldova’s Neutrality is enshrined in the country’s Constitution since 1994. However, this did not help Moldova to restore its territorial integrity and to force Russia to withdraw its troops and armaments from Transnistria.

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