scholarly journals Recent Advances on the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Molecular Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Vaccines Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati ◽  
Jamal Hussen ◽  
Mahmoud Kandeel ◽  
Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak ◽  
Maged Gomaa Hemida

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) consists of two species and various subspecies of closely related viruses of varying antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence-induced pathogenesis. Despite the great ongoing efforts to control and prevent BVDV outbreaks and the emergence of new variants, outbreaks still reported throughout the world. In this review, we are focusing on the molecular biology of BVDV, its molecular pathogenesis, and the immune response of the host against the viral infection. Special attention was paid to discuss some immune evasion strategies adopted by the BVDV to hijack the host immune system to ensure the success of virus replication. Vaccination is one of the main strategies for prophylaxis and contributes to the control and eradication of many viral diseases including BVDV. We discussed the recent advances of various types of currently available classical and modern BVDV vaccines. However, with the emergence of new strains and variants of the virus, it is urgent to find some other novel targets for BVDV vaccines that may overcome the drawbacks of some of the currently used vaccines. Effective vaccination strategy mainly based on the preparation of vaccines from the homologous circulating strains. The BVDV-E2 protein plays important role in viral infection and pathogenesis. We mapped some important potential neutralizing epitopes among some BVDV genomes especially the E2 protein. These novel epitopes could be promising targets against the currently circulating strains of BVDV. More research is needed to further explore the actual roles of these epitopes as novel targets for the development of novel vaccines against BVDV. These potential vaccines may contribute to the global eradication campaign of the BVDV.

Virology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit K. Baxi ◽  
Dirk Deregt ◽  
Jill Robertson ◽  
Lorne A. Babiuk ◽  
Tobias Schlapp ◽  
...  

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana L. Zamit ◽  
Matias Ostrowski ◽  
Norberto Fondevila ◽  
Andres Wigdorovit ◽  
Alejandra Romera ◽  
...  

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 2971-2982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Liang ◽  
Jan V. van den Hurk ◽  
Lorne A. Babiuk ◽  
Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk

The objective of this study was to develop an optimal vaccination strategy for Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The E2 protein of BVDV plays a major protective role against BVDV infection. In order to be able to compare DNA, protein and DNA prime–protein boost regimens, a plasmid was constructed encoding a secreted form of the NADL strain E2 protein (pMASIA-tPAsΔE2). Furthermore, a pure secreted recombinant ΔE2 (rΔE2) protein was produced. The rΔE2 protein was formulated with a combination of Emulsigen and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Groups of calves were immunized with pMASIA-tPAsΔE2 or with rΔE2, or first with pMASIA-tPAsΔE2 and then with rΔE2. To evaluate the protection against BVDV, calves were challenged with BVDV strain NY-1 after the last immunization. Although all immunized calves developed humoral and cellular immune responses, the antibody responses in the DNA prime–protein boost group were stronger than those elicited by either the DNA vaccine or the protein vaccine. In particular, E2-specific antibody titres were enhanced significantly after boosting the ΔE2 DNA-primed calves with rΔE2 protein. Moreover, protection against BVDV challenge was obtained in the calves treated with the DNA prime–protein boost vaccination regimen, as shown by a significant reduction in weight loss, viral excretion and lymphopenia, compared with the unvaccinated calves and the animals immunized with the DNA or protein only. These results demonstrate the advantage of a DNA prime–protein boost vaccination approach in an outbred species.


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