scholarly journals Measuring Avalanche Properties on RC4 Stream Cipher Variants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9646
Author(s):  
Evaristo José Madarro-Capó ◽  
Carlos Miguel Legón-Pérez ◽  
Omar Rojas ◽  
Guillermo Sosa-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Stream Cipher ◽  
Statistical Dependence ◽  
Strict Avalanche Criterion ◽  
Rc4 Stream Cipher ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Independence Criterion ◽  
Sheer Number ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

In the last three decades, the RC4 has been the most cited stream cipher, due to a large amount of research carried out on its operation. In this sense, dissimilar works have been presented on its performance, security, and usability. One of the distinguishing features that stand out the most is the sheer number of RC4 variants proposed. Recently, a weakness has been reported regarding the existence of statistical dependence between the inputs and outputs of the RC4, based on the use of the strict avalanche criterion and the bit independence criterion. This work analyzes the influence of this weakness in some of its variants concerning RC4. The five best-known variants of RC4 were compared experimentally and classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of such a weakness.

scholarly journals Crypto-Archaeology: unearthing design methodology of DES s-boxes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankhanil Dey ◽  
Ranjan Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Boolean Function ◽  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Block Cipher ◽  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
Differential Cryptanalysis ◽  
Linear Cryptanalysis ◽  
Strict Avalanche Criterion ◽  
Independence Criterion

US defence sponsored the DES program in 1974 and released it in 1977. It remained as a well-known and well accepted block cipher until 1998. Thirty-two 4-bit DES S-Boxes are grouped in eight each with four and are put in public domain without any mention of their design methodology. S-Boxes, 4-bit, 8-bit or 32-bit, find a permanent seat in all future block ciphers. In this paper, while looking into the design methodology of DES S-Boxes, we find that S-Boxes have 128 balanced and non-linear Boolean Functions, of which 102 used once, while 13 used twice and 92 of 102 satisfy the Boolean Function-level Strict Avalanche Criterion. All the S-Boxes satisfy the Bit Independence Criterion. Their Differential Cryptanalysis exhibits better results than the Linear Cryptanalysis. However, no S-Boxes satisfy the S-Box-level SAC analyses. It seems that the designer emphasized satisfaction of Boolean-Function-level SAC and S-Box-level BIC and DC, not the S-Box-level LC and SAC.

High-Performance Hardware Implementation for RC4 Stream Cipher

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourav Sen Gupta ◽  
A. Chattopadhyay ◽  
K. Sinha ◽  
S. Maitra ◽  
B. P. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Hardware Implementation ◽  
Stream Cipher ◽  
Rc4 Stream Cipher

scholarly journals Evolving Dynamic S-Boxes Using Fractional-Order Hopfield Neural Network Based Scheme

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musheer Ahmad ◽  
Eesa Al-Solami
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Hopfield Neural Network ◽  
Performance Assessments ◽  
Comparison Analysis ◽  
Differential Uniformity ◽  
High Nonlinearity ◽  
Substitution Boxes ◽  
Strict Avalanche Criterion ◽  
Independence Criterion

Static substitution-boxes in fixed structured block ciphers may make the system vulnerable to cryptanalysis. However, key-dependent dynamic substitution-boxes (S-boxes) assume to improve the security and robustness of the whole cryptosystem. This paper proposes to present the construction of key-dependent dynamic S-boxes having high nonlinearity. The proposed scheme involves the evolution of initially generated S-box for improved nonlinearity based on the fractional-order time-delayed Hopfield neural network. The cryptographic performance of the evolved S-box is assessed by using standard security parameters, including nonlinearity, strict avalanche criterion, bits independence criterion, differential uniformity, linear approximation probability, etc. The proposed scheme is able to evolve an S-box having mean nonlinearity of 111.25, strict avalanche criteria value of 0.5007, and differential uniformity of 10. The performance assessments demonstrate that the proposed scheme and S-box have excellent features, and are thus capable of offering high nonlinearity in the cryptosystem. The comparison analysis further confirms the improved security features of anticipated scheme and S-box, as compared to many existing chaos-based and other S-boxes.

scholarly journals Partial Image Encryption using RC4 Stream Cipher Approach and Embedded in an Image

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Renas Asaad ◽  
◽  
Saman Abdulrahman ◽  
Ahmad Hani ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Encryption ◽  
Stream Cipher ◽  
Rc4 Stream Cipher
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