scholarly journals Loss of Hierarchical Control by Occasion Setters Following Lesions of the Prelimbic and Infralimbic Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Stephanie Roughley ◽  
Simon Killcross
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Occasion Setting ◽  
Positive Target ◽  
Negative Feature ◽  
Positive Feature ◽  
Feature Positive ◽  
Feature Negative

Recent work suggests complementary roles of the prelimbic and infralimbic regions of the rat medial prefrontal cortex in cognitive control processes, with the prelimbic cortex implicated in top-down modulation of associations and the infralimbic cortex playing a role in the inhibition of inappropriate responses. Following selective lesions made to prelimbic or infralimbic regions (or control sham-surgery) rats received simultaneous training on Pavlovian feature negative (A+, XA−) and feature positive (B−, YB+) discriminations designed to lead to hierarchical occasion-setting control by the features (X, Y) over their respective targets (A, B). Evidence for hierarchical control was assessed in a transfer test in which features and targets were swapped (YA, XB). All groups were able to learn the feature negative and feature positive discriminations. Whilst sham-lesioned animals showed no transfer of control by features to novel targets (a hallmark of hierarchical control), rats with lesions of prelimbic or infralimbic regions showed evidence of transfer from the positive feature (Y) to the negative target (A), and from the negative feature (X) to the positive target (B; although this only achieved significance in infralimbic-lesioned animals). These data indicate that damage to either of these regions disrupts hierarchical occasion-setting control, extending our knowledge of their role in cognitive control to encompass flexible behaviours dictated by discrete cues.

scholarly journals Representation, Control, or Reasoning? Distinct Functions for Theory of Mind within the Medial Prefrontal Cortex

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte E. Hartwright ◽  
Ian A. Apperly ◽  
Peter C. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Behavioral Task ◽  
Medial Pfc ◽  
Different Parts

The medial pFC (mPFC) is frequently reported to play a central role in Theory of Mind (ToM). However, the contribution of this large cortical region in ToM is not well understood. Combining a novel behavioral task with fMRI, we sought to demonstrate functional divisions between dorsal and rostral mPFC. All conditions of the task required the representation of mental states (beliefs and desires). The level of demands on cognitive control (high vs. low) and the nature of the demands on reasoning (deductive vs. abductive) were varied orthogonally between conditions. Activation in dorsal mPFC was modulated by the need for control, whereas rostral mPFC was modulated by reasoning demands. These findings fit with previously suggested domain-general functions for different parts of mPFC and suggest that these functions are recruited selectively in the service of ToM.

532. Multimodal MRI Analysis of Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Cognitive Control in Adolescent Bipolar Disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. S215-S216
Author(s):  
Arron W.S. Metcalfe ◽  
Bradley J. MacIntosh ◽  
Alvi H. Islam ◽  
Henri J.M.M. Mutsaerts ◽  
Daphne Korczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Multimodal Mri

Effects of medial prefrontal cortex 5-HT7 receptor knockdown on cognitive control after acute heroin administration

2018 ◽  
Vol 1678 ◽  
pp. 419-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijun Zhong ◽  
Jie Dang ◽  
Zhenghao Huo ◽  
Zhanbing Ma ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex

scholarly journals Sleep’s Role in Schema Learning and Creative Insights

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. Durrant ◽  
Jennifer M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Novel Associations

Abstract Purpose of Review A recent resurgence of interest in schema theory has influenced research on sleep-dependent memory consolidation and led to a new understanding of how schemata might be activated during sleep and play a role in the reorganisation of memories. This review is aimed at synthesising recent findings into a coherent narrative and draw overall conclusions. Recent Findings Rapid consolidation of schematic memories has been shown to benefit from an interval containing sleep. These memories have shown reduced reliance on the hippocampus following consolidation in both humans and rodents. Using a variety of methodologies, notably including the DRM paradigm, it has been shown that activation of a schema can increase the rate of false memory as a result of activation of semantic associates during slow wave sleep (SWS). Memories making use of a schema have shown increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, which may reflect both the schematic activation itself and a cognitive control component selecting an appropriate schema to use. SWS seems to be involved in assimilation of new memories within existing semantic frameworks and in making memories more explicit, while REM sleep may be more associated with creating entirely novel associations while keeping memories implicit. Summary Sleep plays an important role in schematic memory consolidation, with more rapid consolidation, reduced hippocampal involvement, and increased prefrontal involvement as the key characteristics. Both SWS and REM sleep may have a role to play.

scholarly journals Brains of a feather flocking together? Peer and individual neurobehavioral risks for substance use across adolescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1661-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungmeen Kim-Spoon ◽  
Kirby Deater-Deckard ◽  
Alexis Brieant ◽  
Nina Lauharatanahirun ◽  
Jacob Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Peer Influences ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Adolescent Risk ◽  
Peer Substance Use ◽  
Risk Processing

AbstractAdolescence is a period of heightened susceptibility to peer influences, and deviant peer affiliation has well-established implications for the development of psychopathology. However, little is known about the role of brain functions in pathways connecting peer contexts and health risk behaviors. We tested developmental cascade models to evaluate contributions of adolescent risk taking, peer influences, and neurobehavioral variables of risk processing and cognitive control to substance use among 167 adolescents who were assessed annually for four years. Risk taking at Time 1 was related to substance use at Time 4 indirectly through peer substance use at Time 2 and insular activation during risk processing at Time 3. Furthermore, neural cognitive control moderated these effects. Greater insular activation during risk processing was related to higher substance use for those with greater medial prefrontal cortex activation during cognitive control, but it was related to lower substance use among those with lower medial prefrontal cortex activation during cognitive control. Neural processes related to risk processing and cognitive control play a crucial role in the processes linking risk taking, peer substance use, and adolescents’ own substance use.

scholarly journals Cognitive control involves theta power within trials and beta power across trials in the prefrontal-subthalamic network

Brain ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
pp. 3361-3376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baltazar Zavala ◽  
Anthony Jang ◽  
Michael Trotta ◽  
Codrin I Lungu ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Theta Power ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Behavioural Adaptations

Abstract There is increasing evidence that the medial prefrontal cortex participates in conflict and feedback monitoring while the subthalamic nucleus adjusts actions. Yet how these two structures coordinate their activity during cognitive control remains poorly understood. We recorded from the human prefrontal cortex and the subthalamic nucleus simultaneously while participants (n = 22) performed a novel task involving high conflict trials, complete response inhibition trials, and trial-to-trial behavioural adaptations to conflict and errors. Overall, we found that within-trial adaptions to both conflict and complete response inhibition involved changes in the theta band while across-trial behavioural adaptations to both conflict and errors involved changes in the beta band (P < 0.05). Yet the role each region’s theta and beta oscillations played during the task differed significantly between the two sites. Trials that involved either within-trial conflict or complete response inhibition were associated with increased theta phase synchrony between the medial prefrontal cortex and the subthalamic nucleus (P < 0.05). Despite increased synchrony, however, increases in prefrontal theta power were associated with response inhibition, while increases in subthalamic theta power were associated with response execution (P < 0.05). In the beta band, post-response increases in prefrontal beta power were suppressed when the completed trial contained either conflict or an erroneous response (P < 0.05). Subthalamic beta power, on the other hand, was only modified during the subsequent trial that followed a conflict or error trial. Notably, these adaptation trials exhibited slower response times (P < 0.05), suggesting that both brain regions contribute to across-trial adaptations but do so at different stages of the adaptation process. Taken together, our data shed light on the mechanisms underlying within-trial and across-trial cognitive control and how disruption of this network can negatively impact cognition. More broadly, however, our data also demonstrate that the specific role of a brain region, rather than the frequency being utilized, governs the behavioural correlates of oscillatory activity.

The Regulation of Cognitive Control following Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Lesion in Humans

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe di Pellegrino ◽  
Elisa Ciaramelli ◽  
Elisabetta Làdavas
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Preceding Trial ◽  
Response Conflict ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Psychological Review

The contribution of the medial prefrontal cortex, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), to cognitive control remains controversial. Here, we examined whether the rostral ACC is necessary for reactive adjustments in cognitive control following the occurrence of response conflict [Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108, 624–652, 2001]. To this end, we assessed 8 patients with focal lesions involving the rostral sector of the ACC (rACC patients), 6 patients with lesions outside the frontal cortex (non-FC patients), and 11 healthy subjects on a variant of the Simon task in which levels of conflict were manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis. More specifically, we compared Simon effects (i.e., the difference in performance between congruent and incongruent trials) on trials that were preceded by high-conflict (i.e., incongruent) trials with those on trials that were preceded by low-conflict (i.e., congruent) trials. Normal controls and non-FC patients showed a reduction of the Simon effect when the preceding trial was incongruent, suggestive of an increase in cognitive control in response to the occurrence of response conflict. In contrast, rACC patients attained comparable Simon effects following congruent and incongruent events, indicating a failure to modulate their performance depending on the conflict level generated by the preceding trial. Furthermore, damage to the rostral ACC impaired the posterror slowing, a further behavioral phenomenon indicating reactive adjustments in cognitive control. These results provide insights into the functional organization of the medial prefrontal cortex in humans and its role in the dynamic regulation of cognitive control.

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