With the pervasiveness of electric vehicles and an increased demand for fast charging, stationary high-power fast-charging is becoming more widespread, especially for the purpose of serving pure electric buses (PEBs) with large-capacity onboard batteries. This has resulted in a huge distribution capacity demand. However, the distribution capacity is limited, and in some urban areas the cost of expanding the electric network capacity is very high. In this paper, three battery energy storage system (BESS) integration methods—the AC bus, each charging pile, or DC bus—are considered for the suppression of the distribution capacity demand according to the proposed charging topologies of a PEB fast-charging station. On the basis of linear programming theory, an evaluation model was established that consider the influencing factors of the configuration: basic electricity fee, electricity cost, cost of the energy storage system, costs of transformer and converter equipment, and electric energy loss. Then, a case simulation is presented using realistic operation data, and an economic comparison of the three configurations is provided. An analysis of the impacts of each influence factor in the case study is discussed to verify the case results. The numerical results indicate that the appropriate BESS configuration can significantly reduce the distribution demand and stationary cost synchronously.
A Bi-Level Optimization Approach to Charging Load Regulation of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations Based on a Battery Energy Storage System