An Overview of the Production of Oxygenated Fuel Additives by Glycerol Etherification, Either with Isobutene or tert-Butyl Alcohol, over Heterogeneous Catalysts

Biodiesel production has considerably increased in recent decades, generating a surplus of crude glycerol, which is the main drawback for the economy of the process. To overcome this, many scientists have directed their efforts to transform glycerol, which has great potential as a platform molecule, into value-added products. A promising option is the preparation of oxygenate additives for fuel, in particular those obtained by the etherification reaction of glycerol with alcohols or olefins, mainly using heterogeneous catalysis. This review collects up-to-date research findings in the etherification of glycerol, either with isobutene (IB) or tert-Butyl alcohol (TBA), highlighting the best catalytic performances reported. Furthermore, the experimental sets employed for these reactions have been included in the present manuscript. Likewise, the characteristics of the glycerol ethers–(bio)fuel blends as well as their performances (e.g., quality of emissions, technical advantages or disadvantages, etc.) have been also compiled and discussed.

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Catalytic Synthesis of Glycerol tert-Butyl Ethers as Fuel Additives from the Biodiesel By-Product Glycerol

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2015/763854 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rui Huang ◽

Eui Yong Kim

Keyword(s):

Crude Glycerol ◽

Butyl Alcohol ◽

Catalytic Synthesis ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Fuel Additives ◽

Tert Butyl ◽

Tert Butyl Alcohol ◽

Catalyst Type ◽

Kinetics Of

Glycerol is a major by-product in the biodiesel production process. Every 100 kg of biodiesel produced generates approximately 10 kg of crude glycerol. As the biodiesel industry has expanded rapidly in recent years, finding new uses of the excess crude glycerol is important. Many studies have examined alternative uses of crude glycerol. One of them is the use of glycerol derivatives, such as glycerol tert-butyl ethers as fuel additives. In this paper, the etherification kinetics of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol to glycerol tert-butyl ethers was studied using an Amberlyst catalyst. The influences of the catalyst type and loading, reaction time, molar ratio, and temperature were investigated in detail.

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Investigation of the Solvent Effect on the Oxidation of [Co(en)2SCH2COO]+ with S2O82- In Water-Methanol and Water-tert-Butyl Alcohol Mixtures

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19931001 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 1001-1006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Oľga Vollárová ◽

Ján Benko

Keyword(s):

Transfer Functions ◽

Activation Parameters ◽

Butyl Alcohol ◽

Oxidation Of Co ◽

Kinetics Of Oxidation ◽

Tert Butyl ◽

Tert Butyl Alcohol ◽

Alcohol Mixtures ◽

Kinetics Of

The kinetics of oxidation of [Co(en)2SCH2COO]+ with S2O82- was studied in water-methanol and water-tert-butyl alcohol mixtures. Changes in the reaction activation parameters ∆H≠ and ∆S≠ with varying concentration of the co-solvent depend on the kind of the latter, which points to a significant role of salvation effects. The solvation effect on the reaction is discussed based on a comparison of the transfer functions ∆Ht0, ∆St0 and ∆Gt0 for the initial and transition states with the changes in the activation parameters accompanying changes in the CO-solvent concentration. The transfer enthalpies of the reactant were obtained from calorimetric measurements.

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