scholarly journals Keeping the Barbarians at the Gates: The Promise of the UNESCO and UNIDROIT Conventions for Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
Michael Goodyear
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Art World ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Source Countries

The illicit trade in cultural property is a global phenomenon, powered by criminal networks and smuggling trains that sacrifice local culture for the black market of the art world. Headlines featuring the Islamic State’s lucrative exchange in stolen cultural property, among other incidents, have raised the profile of the illicit cultural property trade on the global stage. Developing countries, as the most prominent source countries of cultural property, are particularly at risk. Existing scholarship has searched for a solution to this crisis, suggesting a new international treaty to protect cultural property or recommending the utilization of adjacent legal fields. However, these solutions overlook the ready benefits of two existing international treaties on cultural property, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (“UNESCO”) and United Nations International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (“UNIDROIT”) Conventions. While the UNESCO and UNIDROIT Conventions do not provide an absolute solution to the illicit cultural property trade, they are accessible and underutilized options that are particularly calibrated to assist developing countries. Increased ratification of the UNESCO and UNIDROIT Conventions would grant source country States Parties the enforcement benefits of the import regulations and domestic court systems of market country States Parties, and the strength of the Conventions would rise as the number of signatories increases. The costs imposed on developing country signatories are deliberately low to aid them in protection and recovery. Furthermore, the adoption of these two Conventions does not constrain States Parties from contemplating and implementing additional mechanisms to further protect cultural property. The UNESCO and UNIDROIT Conventions thus offer ready, underutilized options for developing countries to better protect their cultural property.

Foreign nurse recruitment

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Christine Delucas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Healthcare Crisis ◽  
Source Countries ◽  
Foreign Nurse

Recruitment of nurses by industrialized nations from developing countries has been common practice for decades. Globalization, a crucial trend of the 21st century, raises the world’s awareness of the economic and social disparities between nations. The direct impact on nurse emigration emphasizes the ethical, economic, and social inequalities between source and destination countries. It is often more cost-effective for industrialized countries to recruit from developing countries; however, the depletion of source country resources has created a global healthcare crisis. Destination countries are being challenged on the ethical implications of aggressive recruitment and their lack of developing a sustainable self-sufficient domestic workforce. Similarly, source countries are confronting the same challenges as they struggle to fund and educate adequate numbers of nurses for domestic needs and emigrant replacement. This article will review the ethical, economic, and social impacts of continued unrestricted international recruitment of nurses and present a proposal for development of an international treaty addressing global sustainability.

scholarly journals Reality and Practicality: Challenges to Effective Cultural Property Policy on the Ground in Latin America

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 337-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Yates
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Regulatory Development ◽  
Source Countries

Abstract:Although on-the-ground preservation and policing is a major component of our international efforts to prevent the looting and trafficking of antiquities, the expectation placed on source countries may be beyond their capacity. This dependence on developing world infrastructure and policing may challenge our ability to effectively regulate this illicit trade. Using case studies generated from fieldwork in Belize and Bolivia, this paper discusses a number of these challenges to effective policy and offers some suggestions for future regulatory development.

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

1947 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-364
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
United Nations Educational ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
International Broadcasting ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Free Flow Of Information ◽  
Flow Of Information

At the conclusion of the First General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization held in Paris during November and December, 1946, over one hundred proposals had been formulated for consideration during 1947, several of which were enumerated as being pressing projects for the current year. Problems requiring immediate attention included 1) rehabilitation in devastated areas, 2) a wide-spread attack on the problem of illiteracy, 3) a study of psychological and social tensions likely to lead to war, 4) a concerted effort in conjunction with the Commission of Human Rights of the United Nations to reduce obstructions to the free flow of information, 5) the study of a possible international broadcasting network, and 6) the proposed creation of the International Institute of the Amazon in order to deal with problems of that tropical area. For these and other projects it was emphasized that exchange of students, scholars, scientists and media of information was necessary and should be forthcoming.

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