Evolution of Legislation and Crimes Based on Sexual Identity or Orientation in Spain: A Retrospective Observational Study (2011–2021)

Respect for different sexual options and orientations prevents the occurrence of hate crimes against lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGTBI) persons for this reason. Our aim was to review the legislation that protects the rights of LGTBI people and to quantify the victimization rates of hate crimes based on sexual identity and orientation. A retrospective observational study was conducted across all regions of Spain from 2011–2021. The laws on LGTBI rights in each region were identified. Hate crime victimization data on sexual identity and orientation were collected in annual rates per 100,000 inhabitants, annual percentage change and average change during the study period to assess the trend. The regulatory development of laws against discrimination against LGTBI individuals is heterogeneous across regions. Overall, in Spain there is an upward trend in the number of hate crime victimizations motivated by sexual identity or orientation. The effectiveness of data collection, thanks to better training and awareness of police forces regarding hate crimes and the processes of data cleansing and consolidation contributes to a greater visibility of hate crimes against LGTBI people.

PSII-B-21 Development of an industry relevant graduate certificate for regulatory affairs in animal health

Seven years of data collection and industry collaboration identified a longstanding need from the animal health corridor for educational offerings focused on regulatory affairs for animal health products. The animal health corridor, anchored by Manhattan, Kansas and Columbia, Missouri, is home to more than 300 animal health companies, representing the largest concentration in the world. When surveying industry needs, Kansas State University received 446 responses from individuals in this area and found 40% indicated interest in “policy and regulations,” with 64% of interested respondents showing strong interest with programming at the graduate level. Meetings with industry representatives further confirmed results of the survey by highlighting a need for educational programming focused on animal health product license requirements with USDA, FDA, and EPA. At a roundtable with 22 Animal Health organizations, 64% of attendees had strong interest in a program focused on “regulatory aspects of drug and vaccine development in animal health.” In response to these findings, a graduate certificate was launched in 2019 encompassing regulatory development and management of animal health products. Curriculum was crafted in close collaboration with an industry advisory panel, because comparable academic models were not available. Interests to maintain industry contacts within the courses have led to integration of notable engagement techniques as the course format moves toward asynchronous delivery. Curriculum encompasses regulatory development of animal pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biologics, and diagnostics from pre- to post- licensure. The presentation will explain objectives of the certificate, data gathered regarding industry need, process of certificate design and curriculum co-creation with industry partners, and resulting curriculum. Additionally, since the new courses in the regulatory affairs certificate have been offered since spring 2020, the presentation will examine strategies for working with subject matter experts in the online classroom, plans for assessment of student learning, and educational background of enrolled students.

People’s Republic of China Legal Update: The Notice on Further Strictly Regulating and Effectively Preventing Online Video Gaming Addiction in Minors (Published August 30, 2021, Effective September 1, 2021)

The National Press and Publication Administration (NPPA) of the People’s Republic of China published the Notice on Further Strictly Regulating and Effectively Preventing Online Video Gaming Addiction in Minors (the “2021 Notice”) on August 30, 2021. The 2021 Notice becomes effective on September 1, 2021. The 2021 Notice updates (and, where incompatible, supersedes) the older regulatory requirements set out by the NPPA in the Notice on the Prevention of Online Gaming Addiction in Juveniles (the “2019 Notice”) published nearly two years ago on 25 October 2019, which was translated and discussed by Xiao at 24 GAMING LAW REV. 51–53. The two Notices regulate video gaming in China and restrict minors’ (defined as people under the age of 18) access to online video games. This International Gaming Industry Update comparesthe old and new regulatory positions and comments on the implications of this regulatory development in China.

Recent Changes in Regulatory Development of Interreligious Marriage and Children’s Rights Based on Justice Perspective in Indonesia

The issue of this study is the marriage registration with or on the basis of a court decision as referred to in Law Number 24 of 2013 concerning Population Administration is valid according to Law No. 1 of 1974 regarding Marriage. The Marriage Law is also one of the bases for the formation of the Population Administration Law. Bearing in mind that the Population Administration Act does not regulate further about how the procedure of marriage between people of different religions occur so that the terms and procedures and prohibition of marriage in the Marriage Law remain in force. Based on the above background, problems can be formulated to analyze marital regulations in the Marriage Law not yet fully based on the value of justice and its reconstruction. The findings show that the Reconstruction of marriage regulations in the perspective of the Marriage Law based on justice values can be carried out by reconstructing the provisions of articles governing the validity of marriages, which in their implementation or in their application do not indicate or provide a sense of justice for some people who will carry out marriages, particularly those related to the practice of interfaith marriages.

Vocalisation and physiological hyperarousal in infant-caregiver dyads where the caregiver has elevated anxiety

Co-regulation of physiological arousal within the caregiver-child dyad precedes later self-regulation within the individual. Despite the importance of unimpaired self-regulatory development for later adjustment outcomes, little is understood about how early co-regulatory processes can become dysregulated during early life. Aspects of caregiver behaviour, such as patterns of anxious speech, may be one factor influencing infant arousal dysregulation. We made day-long, naturalistic biobehavioural recordings in home settings in caregiver-infant dyads using wearable autonomic devices and miniature microphones. We examined the association between arousal, vocalisation intensity and caregiver anxiety. Moments of high physiological arousal in infants were more likely to be accompanied by high caregiver arousal when caregivers had high self-reported trait anxiety. Anxious caregivers were more likely to vocalise intensely at states of high arousal, and produce intense vocalisations that occurred in clusters. High intensity vocalisations were associated with more sustained increases in autonomic arousal for both anxious caregivers and their infants. Caregiver vocal behaviour differs in anxious parents, co-occurs with dyadic arousal dysregulation and could contribute to physiological arousal transmission. Implications for caregiver vocalisation as an intervention target are discussed.

Growth, winter preparations and timing of emergence in temperate zone Odonata: control by a succession of larval response patterns

As warm-adapted insects of tropical origin, Odonata cope with cold periods by seasonal regulation and diapause. A model for larval-overwintering species is proposed with three response patterns related to the timing of emergence, which can be predicted from seasonal cues during the last few stadia. For emergence during the present season, there is an often time-constrained preemergence development, accelerated by long days and higher temperatures. In regulatory development, emergence is postponed to the next season, and a complex of diapause-like delays controlled by photoperiod and temperature prevents premature emergence. Instead, development converges on a winter diapause in sizes suitable for emergence during the following year. Long days are particularly delaying, and thermal responses are variable, sometimes inverted. In early development, with rapid growth, emergence is usually not predicted to season, but short-day winter diapauses may occur, and precocious preparations for a penultimate winter may be predictive. Thermal responses are steep, extremely so if a short-day diapause is suppressed by higher temperatures. Other physiological and also behavioural properties may differ between response patterns. Changes in photoperiod and temperature control the timing of seasonal events, and the transition from regulatory to pre-emergence development follows the increase in temperature and photoperiod after winter, which is an important time-setter. Interactions of larval size, photoperiod, temperature and previous changes affect development rate, and long-term constant conditions often end in regulatory diapauses. Proximate mechanisms of cohort splitting and the implications of the model for design and interpretation of experiments are discussed.