Three Approaches to Presidential Foreign Policy-Making in the Twenty-First Century

This introductory chapter illustrates that, in many settings worldwide, hardwired constitutional arrangements reflect outdated concepts of spatial governance featuring constitutional division of competences adopted in a pre-megacity era and increasingly detached from twenty-first-century realities. Consequently, cities do not exist constitutionally. And with few exceptions, cities remain subjugated by a Westphalian constitutional order and by the state’s innate inclination to maintain jurisdictional primacy over its territory. National constitutions’ entrenched nature and innately statist outlook render the city systemically weak and to a large degree underrepresented. As extensive urbanization marches on, an ever-widening gap emerges between what is expected of a modern metropolis, and what cities can actually deliver in the absence of adequate standing, representation, taxation powers, or robust policy-making authority.

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China’s foreign policy as a rising power in the early twenty-first century: the struggle between taoguangyanghui and assertiveness SUISHeNG ZHAO

China's Soft Power and International Relations ◽

10.4324/9780203122099-16 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 203-223

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

First Century ◽

Early Twenty ◽

China’S Foreign Policy ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Rising Power

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8. The twenty-first century and smart power

US Foreign Policy ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198707578.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph S. Nye

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Soft Power ◽

Public Diplomacy ◽

Information Age ◽

Us Foreign Policy ◽

First Century ◽

Global Information ◽

Smart Power ◽

Twenty First Century

This chapter examines US foreign policy as ‘smart power’, a combnation of hard and soft power, in the twenty-first century. The beginning of the twenty-first century saw George W. Bush place a strong emphasis on hard power, as exemplifed by the invasion and occupation of Iraq. This was evident after 9/11. While the war in Iraq showcased America’s hard military power that removed a tyrant, it failed to resolve US vulnerability to terrorism; on the contrary, it may have increased it. The chapter first considers the Obama administration’s reference to its foreign policy as ‘smart power’ before discussing Donald Trump’s ‘America First’ policy, the role of power in a global information age, soft power in US foreign policy, and how public diplomacy has been incorporated into US foreign policy.

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India’s Public Diplomacy in the Twenty-First Century: Components, Objectives and Challenges

India Quarterly A Journal of International Affairs ◽

10.1177/0974928419901188 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 24-39

Author(s):

Arijit Mazumdar

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Soft Power ◽

Public Diplomacy ◽

Nation Branding ◽

First Century ◽

International Exchange ◽

International Broadcasting ◽

Policy Goals ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Rising Power

In recent years, several countries have made sustained efforts to project their ‘soft power’ abroad. Public diplomacy has been an important tool for this purpose. Public diplomacy involves activities usually undertaken by a national government to inform and influence foreign public opinion and attitudes in order to advance its foreign policy goals. Such activities include ‘nation-branding’, diaspora outreach, digital engagement, international broadcasting, and international exchange programmes, all of which are designed to promote a positive image and reputation of the country to a global audience. This paper discusses the role of public diplomacy in the service of India’s foreign policy goals during the twenty-first century. The practice of public diplomacy helps the country achieve two significant objectives. First, it helps allay any active or dormant fears within the international community about India as a rising power. Second, it helps India compete with other countries as it seeks to boost foreign tourist arrivals, attract foreign investment and secure new markets for its exports in an era of globalisation. This paper also briefly discusses some of the challenges associated with India’s use of public diplomacy.

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