Abstract
Adult children’s financial support for parents, which has been considered a primary representation of filial values in East Asian society, is not sufficient to understand contemporary familial reciprocation. To fully understand the detailed structure of intergenerational exchange in this region, this study proposes a new two-way typology to look at how parents both give and take with adult children. Using the 2006 East Asian Social Survey, the authors found a high frequency of financial exchange between generations, especially upward transfer, in South Korea, Taiwan, and China. Japan is a case more distant from the Confucian ideal type of family due to high prevalence of independence between parents and children regarding financial exchange. Cross-country differences are much remarked. The limited effects produced by gender and sibling orders in financial transfer show the decreasing influence of patriarchalism in East Asia.
Sampling and fieldwork practices in Europe: Analysis of methodological documentation from 1,537 surveys in five cross-national projects, 1981-2017
