Passive immunity from immunised mother: A nano-structural consideration on transplacental and breast milk passage to neonate

Somsri Wiwanitkit; Viroj Wiwanitkit

doi:10.4038/sljch.v50i4.9907

Casereport - Agalactia of mare, agammaglobulinemia and arthritis in foal

Veterinarski glasnik ◽

10.2298/vetgl1406379s ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (5-6) ◽

pp. 379-386

Author(s):

Jovan Spasojevic ◽

Bojan Toholj ◽

Milenko Stevancevic ◽

Ivan Stancic ◽

Marko Cincovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Reproductive Cycle ◽

Physiological State ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Newborn Animal ◽

Breast Milk Substitutes ◽

Milk Substitutes ◽

Infectious Etiology ◽

Over Time

Lactation is physiological state of the organism and the final process of the female reproductive cycle. Milk in the first days after birth (colostrum), in addition to the necessary nutrients contains antibodies, with whose ingesting only a newborn individual receives passive immunity that protects it from various infections over time. Mammary gland dysfunction and a lack of breast milking is called agalactia. Due to the occurrence of agalactia in mother, newborn animal is denied of intake of colostrum in its body. Thus prevents ingestion of nutrients and passive immunity, which results in the occurrence of various diseases especially infectious etiology. This paper describes the treatment of agammaglobulinemia in foal after ascertaining the occurrence of primary agalactia in mare. There is described the possibility of substitution, ie. benefits of breast milk substitutes, and the procedure of diagnosis and treatment of carpal arthritis in foal.

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SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibody detection in human milk from a prospective multicenter study in Spain

10.1101/2021.05.06.21256766 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christine Bauerl ◽

Walter Randazzo ◽

Gloria Sanchez ◽

Marta Selma-Royo ◽

Elia Garcia-Verdevio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Antibody Detection ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Nucleocapsid Gene ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Specific Protocol ◽

Clinical Records ◽

The Impact

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, breastfeeding in women positive for SARS-CoV-2 was compromised due to contradictory data regarding potential viral transmission. However, growing evidence confirms the relevant role of breast milk in providing passive immunity by generating and transmitting specific antibodies against the virus. Thus, our study aimed to develop and validate a specific protocol to detect SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk matrix as well as to determine the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on presence, concentration, and persistence of specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Study design/Methods: A prospective multicenter longitudinal study in Spain was carried out from April to December 2020. A total of 60 mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or recovered from COVID-19 were included (n=52 PCR-diagnosed and n=8 seropositive). Data from maternal-infant clinical records and symptomatology were collected. A specific protocol was validated to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in breast milk, targeting the N1 region of the nucleocapsid gene and the envelope (E) gene. Presence and levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoglobulins (Igs) -IgA, IgG, and IgM- in breast milk samples from COVID-19 patients and from 13 women before the pandemic were also evaluated. Results: All breast milk samples showed negative results for SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence. We observed high intra- and inter-individual variability in the antibody response to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for each of the three isotypes IgA, IgM and IgG. Protease domain (MPro) antibodies were also detected in milk. In general, 82.9 % of the milk samples were positive for at least one of the three antibody isotypes, being 52.86 % of those positive for all three Igs. Positivity rate for IgA was relatively stable over time (65.2-87.5 %), whereas it raised continuously for IgG (47.8 % the first ten days to 87.5 % from day 41 up to day 206 post-PCR confirmation). Conclusions: Considering the lack of evidence for SARS-CoV-2 transmission through breast milk, our study confirms the safety of breastfeeding practices and highlights the relevance of virus-specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody transfer, that would provide passive immunity to breastfed infants and protect them against COVID-19 disease. This study provides crucial data to support official breastfeeding recommendations based on scientific evidence.

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