Gastric electrical activity in normal neonates during the first year of life. Effect of lactation with breast milk and formula

"Breast-Feeding: Second Thoughts" by Gerrard,1 sets forth epidemiologic and immunological data on human and other mammalian species showing that colostrum and breast milk actively protect the infant from enterocolitis and respiratory infections when breast-feeding is begun immediately after birth and continued through at least most of the first year of life. Gerrard hypothesizes that breast-feeding provides a smooth transition for the baby from being entirely dependent on the mother for nutritional and immunological requirements to being completely independent from her.

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Safety of potential breast milk exposure to IFN-β or glatiramer acetate

Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation ◽

10.1212/nxi.0000000000000757 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. e757

Author(s):

Andrea Ines Ciplea ◽

Annette Langer-Gould ◽

Anna Stahl ◽

Sandra Thiel ◽

Annette Queisser-Wahrendorf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Glatiramer Acetate ◽

Growth Curves ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Physical Growth ◽

First Year ◽

Motor Delay ◽

Infant Outcomes ◽

First Year Of Life

ObjectiveTo determine whether potential breast milk exposure to interferon-beta (IFN-β) or glatiramer acetate (GA) is safe for the infant.MethodsWe identified 74 infants born to 69 women with MS who breastfed under IFN-β (n = 39), GA (n = 34), or both (n = 1). Women had been enrolled into the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry during pregnancy. Data were obtained from standardized, telephone-administered questionnaires completed by the mother during pregnancy and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum and the infant's take-home medical record.ResultsThe median duration of exposed breastfeeding was 8.5 months (wide interquartile range: 4.9–12.7 months). Physical growth curves during the first year of life were consistent with national, sex-specific growth curves. Median body measurements were consistent with national medians. Most children (n = 71, 96%) had normal motor and language development. Gross motor delay was reported in 3 children, of whom 1 remained delayed at last follow-up (3.9 years old) and 2 were normal by 0.9 and 4.1 years old. The proportion of children hospitalized at least once (girls n = 2, 7%, and boys n = 6, 14%) and the proportion of children with at least one episode of systemic antibiotic use during the first year of life (girls n = 7, 23%, and boys n = 8, 18%) are consistent with national averages.ConclusionPotential breast milk exposure to IFN-β or GA did not increase the risk of common adverse infant outcomes in the first year of life. Taken together with the benefits of breastfeeding and low biological plausibility of risk, women with MS who wish to resume IFN-β or GA postpartum can be encouraged to breastfeed.

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Hospitalization, Breast-Milk Feeding, and Growth in Infants with Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip and Palate Born in Denmark

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/07-007.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 628-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Lisa H. V. Smedegaard ◽

Dorthe R. N. Marxen ◽

Jette H. V. Moes ◽

Eva N. Glassou ◽

Cand Scientsan

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Cleft Palate ◽

Cleft Lip ◽

Cleft Lip And Palate ◽

First Year ◽

Health Visitors ◽

Facial Clefts ◽

Growth References ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Milk Feeding

Objective: To evaluate if the duration of postpartum hospitalization, duration of breast-milk feeding, and growth during the first year of life in infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and cleft palate (CP) are comparable to infants without facial clefts. Design: Prospective data collection using a registration chart developed by the authors. Setting: Special health care of infants with CLP/CP born in Denmark. Participants: All mature infants with CLP/CP born in 2003 and 2004 were included. Of 165 infants, 115 participated in the study. Intervention: In Denmark, parents of children with CLP/CP receive counseling. This counseling is managed by specially trained health visitors/nurses and is initiated at birth. The counseling seeks to support parents’ confidence in having an infant with CLP/CP and to initiate a relationship between the infant and the parents. Main Outcome Measures: Duration of postpartum hospitalization, duration of breast-milk feeding, and weight and length at birth, 5 months of age, and 12 months of age. Results: Hospitalization was 4 days and comparable to that of infants without CLP/CP. The infants with CLP/CP received breast milk but for a shorter period compared with infants without CLP/CP. Weights at birth, 5 months of age, and 12 months of age were identical with Danish growth references. Conclusion: The authors find the results satisfactory and believe that the counseling provided by the health visitors/nurses plays a part in the results.

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Variation in the Protein Composition of Human Milk during Extended Lactation: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10081124 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1124 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sergio Verd ◽

Gemma Ginovart ◽

Javier Calvo ◽

Jaume Ponce-Taylor ◽

Antoni Gaya

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Protein Content ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Developed Countries ◽

First Year ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life

The aim of this review is to evaluate changes in protein parameters in the second year postpartum. There is considerable agreement among authors about the declining trend of human milk protein concentrations, but most research on protein content in breast milk focuses on the first year of life and comes from developed countries. Whereas this is the case for exclusive breastfeeding or for breastfeeding into the first year of life, the opposite applies to weaning or extended breastfeeding. This review is predominantly based on observational epidemiological evidence and on comparative research linking breast milk composition with cutting down on breastfeeding. Studies dating back several decades have shown an increase in the proportion of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and serum albumin during weaning. According to the limited data available, it seems likely that the regulation of milk protein composition during involution can be ascribed to alterations in tight junctions. In studies on humans and other mammalian species, offspring suckle more from mothers that produce more dilute milk and the increase in milk protein concentration is positively correlated to a decrease in suckling frequency during weaning. High milk protein contents were first reported in nonindustrial communities where breastfeeding is sustained the longest, but recent papers from urbanized communities have taken credit for rediscovering the increase in protein content of human milk that becomes evident with prolonged breastfeeding. This review presents an overview of the changes in breast milk protein parameters in the second year postpartum to enable milk banks’ practitioners to make informed nutritional decisions on preterm infants.

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Diarrhea in Breast-Fed and Non-Breast-Fed Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.70.6.921 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 921-925

Author(s):

Alice H. Cushing ◽

Linda Anderson

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

First Year ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Colonization Factor ◽

Fecal Carriage ◽

Heat Labile ◽

Insignificant Difference ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Breast Fed

During the first year of life a group of babies was prospectively observed for diarrhea and for fecal carriage of heat-labile toxigenic bacteria, with or without colonization factor, and rotavirus. Approximately half of the babies were breast-fed for the first six months of life. There was no difference between groups (breast-fed vs non-breast-fed) in number of babies who had diarrhea during any two-month period. Nor was there any difference between groups in the number of babies who had diarrhea while carrying toxigenic bacteria, with or without colonization factor. Secretory antibody to toxin was found in 37% of colostrum and milk samples. There was a small but insignificant difference in the number of babies who had diarrhea when they carried toxigenic bacteria depending on the presence of antibody in the breast milk they received.

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Improving infant formulas: on the way to approaching breast milk

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2016-1-90-97 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 90-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. N. Zakharova ◽

Y. A. Dmitrieva ◽

E. A. Gordeeva

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Normal Growth ◽

First Year ◽

Behavioral Characteristics ◽

Mother And Child ◽

Postnatal Differentiation ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Mind ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Further Development

Breast milk is the gold standard of infant feeding during the first year of life that ensures adequate physical and psychological development. The composition of human milk changes all the time in the process of one feeding as well as throughout the whole period of lactation. The ingredients of breast milk promote the normal growth of the baby, affect postnatal differentiation of tissues, the formation of the central nervous system (CNS), auditory and visual analyzers, development of the intestinal microbiota of the infant. Breastfeeding contributes to a strong psycho-emotional bond between mother and child which provides the best conditions for further development of the mind, intelligence and behavioral characteristics.

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