"Rules" of Evidence in Assessing the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Treatments

2020 ◽  
pp. 705-718
Author(s):  
Helena Chmura Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Darius Chan ◽  
Louis Lau Yi Hang

Abstract Most arbitral statutes and institutional rules give great latitude to tribunals on the admissibility of evidence, and do not mandate application of domestic rules of evidence. In common law jurisdictions where the parol evidence rule applies, the issue that arises is whether the parol evidence rule is necessarily a procedural rule of evidence which tribunals are not bound to apply, especially in jurisdictions which have codified the rule under domestic evidence legislation. Notwithstanding any codification, this article argues that the parol evidence rule at common law is a substantive rule of contractual interpretation that should be applied as part of the lex contractus in international arbitration proceedings. Faithful application of the parol evidence rule as a substantive rule of contractual interpretation ensures that adjudicators arrive at the same interpretation on the same set of facts, thereby promoting uniformity, predictability, and consistency, regardless of the mode of dispute resolution.


2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Izzuddin

The general principle of syariah states that legal majority comes with physical puberty. Hence in theory, capacity to conclude a marriage contract basically depends upon proof of sexual maturity established under the normal rules of evidence rather than the attainment of a specific age. In examining the statutory measures on child marriage, it appears that the Compilation follows two main objectives; restriction and indirect prohibition. Since Muhammad himself married Aisyah at an exceedingly tender age, so it is almost impossible for pious Muslims to condemn the practice. A punitive approach to child marriage would also seem unlikely to achieve a desirable result. The indirect means was therefore justified on the basis of the siyasah syar’iyah doctrine; instead of declaring the minor marriage void, the Compilation confined themselves to discouraging it by administrative expedients.<br /><br />Prinsip umum dari Syariah menegaskan bahwa batas usia pernikahan disesuaikan dengan pubertas fisik. akan tetapi secara teoritis,  kapasitas seseorang untuk menikah pada dasarnya disesuaikan dengan kematangan secara seksual dan bukan hanya dibatasi pada usia tertentu. Dalam pengaturan persoalan konteks perkawinan usia dini, KHI menekankan dua hal yaitu pembatasan dan pelarangan secara tidak langsung. Dikarenakan Muhammad menikahi Aisyah pada usia yang masih dini, maka hampir tidak mungkin bagi seorang Muslim untuk mengecam praktek perkawinan usia dini. Suatu pendekatan yang bersifat menghakimi terhadap persoalan tersebut nampaknya tidak akan mencapai hasil yang baik.  Dengan demikian, alat yang secara tidak langsung bisa digunakan untuk melihat persoalan tersebut adalah dengan mengembalikan hukum pernikahan usia dini berdasarkan siyasah syar’iyah daripada hanya dengan memberikan batasan usia nikah.<br /><br />Keywords: Hukum Islam, Pernikahan Dini, Qawaid Fiqhiyah<br /><br />


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