Means of communication and socio-legal aspects of interaction between subjects of religious-penitentiary space: the case of Muslims

The Constitutional and Legal Institute of Religious Freedom in the Penitentiary System is subordinated to and regulated by the rules established by the Federal Executive Body exercising law enforcement functions in the fi eld of execution of sentences (FSIN of Russia). Finding themselves isolated from society, ethnic and practising Muslims, sentenced to imprisonment, feel forced restrictions on the religious freedom. The time and place of Muslims who perform religious rites and rituals are regulated by the documents issued by the Ministry of Justice of Russia were outlined the internal regulations for correctional institutions. The state is entrusted with the duty to provide in prisons a special environment, which would enable the spiritual nourishment of Muslims, whose rights to freedom of religious life are supported by centralized Islamic religious organizations. The civil institutions exercise public control over this implementation. At the same time, the Russian State is increasingly interested in interacting with the main subjects of the religious and penitentiary space. Among them there are offi cial structures of the Islamic Ummah, sending educated imams and Islamic theologians for religious service in prisons, representatives of the Islamic expert community, also there are Public Councils on the problems of the penitentiary system under the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. The present author considers the activities of Muslim spiritual departments to provide prison libraries with religious literature (the Holy Quran and semantic translations, the Hadith of Prophet Muhammad, His biography, books on Islamic law) as well as the best examples of religious literature, which manifest the traditional values of Russian Islam and the imperatives of a positive socio-cultural environment to be the signifi cant means of communication in the religious-penitentiary environment.

Etika Profesi Konselor dalam Layanan Bimbingan Konseling Virtual

The purpose of this study was to describe the professional ethics of counselors in virtual counseling guidance services. The method used in this research is a literature study with a qualitative descriptive approach. The data sources come from document studies in the form of books and previous research from various references. Furthermore, the data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate that online counseling takes the form of virtual counseling technology, namely, websites, telephone or cell phones, email, video conferencing, chat, instant messaging, computers, and other social networks. The ethical aspects that must be obeyed by online counselors are building good relationships on the Internet, confidentiality when conducting consultations, legal aspects of telecommunications via the Internet, and licensing. Therefore, online counselors need to be professional in conducting virtual counseling by considering ethics.

Infants of Mothers with Cocaine Use: Review of Clinical and Medico-Legal Aspects

Illicit drug use is a global problem that also affects pregnant women. Substance use and alcohol abuse during pregnancy may have various harmful consequences for both mothers and foetuses. Intrauterine exposure to illicit substances can be investigated through maternal reports and toxicological tests on mothers’ and/or newborns’ samples. While the negative effects of alcohol and opioid use on pregnancy, the foetus, and/or newborn are well established, the effects of cocaine use remain controversial. We performed a review of the literature to evaluate the current state of knowledge of the effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure on newborns’ and children’s long-term development and to highlight possible implications for health professionals dealing with women who use cocaine during pregnancy. Although intrauterine cocaine exposure has been associated with reduced infant measurements, no specific amount of cocaine use exerting such effects has been determined, and no long-term effects have been confirmed. The evidence of cocaine use during pregnancy justifies a clinical and social takeover of the mother and newborn without assuming that there will certainly be long-term damage related to intrauterine cocaine exposure, but also considering other possible associated factors.

Mobile medical teams during the Covid‑19 pandemic: legal aspects and implementation experience

During the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection Covid 19, the healthcare system faced serious challenges, one of which is a shortage of qualified personnel. One of the methods for solving this problem was the creation of mobile multidisciplinary mobile teams on the basis of federal medical institutions. In this article, the authors analyze the legal aspects of the functioning of mobile teams, and also give the experience of the employees of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Bashkir State Medical University in the regions of Russia and abroad.

Slavery in Achaemenid-Period Babylonia: The Social World of Rībat, Son of Bēl-erība

This paper argues for a historically grounded view of slavery in Achaemenid-period Babylonia by examining the life of one particular individual, Rībat son of Bēl-erība, an ardu of the Murašû family (whose archive spans c. 454–404 BCE). In contrast to other studies which focus on the terminology or legal aspects of slavery, we examine the lived experience of Rībat. We do this in two ways. First, we study all of Rībat’s attested business ventures and demonstrate that, although Rībat occasionally acted under the direct orders of his masters, he more often pursued activities ancillary to those of the core Murašû business. Secondly, we use social network analysis of over 700 Murašû texts to demonstrate that, although Rībat was crucial in linking distinct individuals to the Murašû business, he lay outside his masters’ group of core associates. We then compare Rībat’s social position to that of other known Murašû subordinates to argue that Rībat’s experience was representative of that of other Murašû subordinates. We conclude by arguing for more social-historical studies of Babylonian servitude in the future.

Apprenticeship Indentures and Apprentices in Medieval England, 1250–1500

This thesis uses apprenticeship indentures to offer a novel insight into guilds and apprenticeship in medieval England. Indentures offer a unique view of idealised master-apprentice relationships, which are otherwise only visible in official records. A collection of 82 surviving indentures forms a starting point for exploring social, economic, and legal aspects of apprenticeship in medieval England, both within and outside the guild system. Chapter 1 outlines the content of indentures and provides a guide to their general form. Indentures developed gradually in response to social, economic and legal factors; these are explored in subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 discusses the enforceability and enforcement of legislation pertaining to apprenticeship, as well as exploring the legal complexities of indentures as binding legal agreements made by minors. Chapter 3 considers apprenticeship in three ways in the context of the guild system: as a means of exploitation, as a means of exclusion, and as a means of providing technical training. No single model prevails, but the influence of each depends on geographical, economic, and temporal factors. Subsequent chapters provide an overview of the reality of apprenticeship. Chapter 4 discusses the use of behavioural clauses in indentures, which controlled apprentices’ behaviour with the primary aim of protecting masters’ reputations. Chapter 5 explores apprentices’ expectations of the apprenticeship, including provision of training. Chapter 6 presents novel estimates, based on surviving records, of the cost of maintaining an apprentice, concluding that they were not ‘cheap’ labour. Historians have not previously considered this cost. Chapter 7 uses testamentary evidence to examine close master-apprentice relationships, highlighting the importance of fictive kinship. Civic enfranchisement and its relative importance is also discussed. Overall, this thesis provides an original survey of apprenticeship in medieval England, based mainly on evidence from a previously neglected document type.

Waste Disposal or Recycling: Changes in Waste Management in Russia and its Regions

The article examines the theoretical and legal aspects of waste management, describes the state of the waste management sector in Russia and the problems associated with it. On the basis of cluster analysis, regional differentiation in the considered sphere is determined. The efficiency of waste management in terms of current costs and investments in fixed assets, aimed at preventing the harmful effects of waste, for the national economy and at the level of the regions of Russia is assessed. The directions of improving of waste management sphere in Russia are formulated.