Study on Korean Textbooks and Dictionaries Prepared in Incheon, an Open Port

An immense sand fort guards the entrance to the Cape Fear River and the fairway to Wilmington, the last major open port of the Confederacy, through which blockade runners supply vital materiel for Gen. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. On Christmas Eve 1864, a U.S. Navy armada unleashes the heaviest bombardment in history on the fort, in advance of landing 6,500 assault troops. But the U.S. commander, Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, falters, and only 2,300 troops make it ashore in roughening weather. They are stranded on the cold beach overnight without shelter. In the morning, the fleet sails away. Just three weeks later an even more powerful assault force returns, including USCT, who will play a crucial role in the battle. This assault is led by Brig. Gen. Alfred Terry and after six hours of heavy hand-to hand fighting forces the surrender of the fort.

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A Study on Management Characteristic and Improvement of Cultural District - Focused on Cultural District of Insa-dong, Daehak-ro, Incheon Open-port -

Journal of the Urban Design Institute of Korea Urban Design ◽

10.38195/judik.2018.10.19.5.37 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 37-49

Author(s):

Doo-Young Hwang ◽

Jung-Hyung Lee ◽

Young-Do Jeong

Keyword(s):

Management Characteristic ◽

Cultural District ◽

Open Port

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European Maritime Violence and Territorial States in Early Modern Asia, 1600-1650

Itinerario ◽

10.1017/s0165115300016260 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 72-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Adam Clulow

Keyword(s):

Seventeenth Century ◽

Early Modern ◽

Open Ocean ◽

Port Cities ◽

Dominant Position ◽

Frequent Use ◽

Commercial Networks ◽

Territorial States ◽

The Relationship ◽

Open Port

The European overseas enterprises that began to push into Asian waters in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were maritime organisations geared towards commerce and seaborne warfare. As such, they looked very different from the powerful territorial states like Mughal India that traditionally dominated early modern Asia, and they were able to create a new kind of empire consisting of a network of fortified ports and trading centres connected by long sea routes. The construction of these empires was initially driven and subsequently sustained by maritime technology. To borrow Carlo Cipolla's words, guns, sails, and empire were always bound tightly together in this period. European vessels held a significant advantage over local shipping; neither the wealthiest groups of merchants nor the most formidable Asian states were in a position to field maritime forces that could challenge them on the open ocean. In virtually every encounter at sea, ships from Europe were able to inflict overwhelming defeats on the fleets assembled to oppose them. Since it represented their most significant advantage, Europeans made frequent use of maritime violence: against competing merchant groups (in order to disrupt commercial networks and to gain a dominant position), and against Asian states (to pry open port cities and improve trading conditions). This article explores the role played by maritime violence in the relationship between European overseas enterprises and two powerful territorial states, Mughal India (1526-1757) and Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868), in the first half of the seventeenth century.

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