This chapter presents a historical context of legal pluralism. A pivotal shift of the past several centuries has been from law attached to a person's community toward territorial states that claim a monopoly over law—a long-term project that has always been marked by major exceptions and has never been fully completed. Prior to this shift, the widely held view, now largely forgotten, is that everyone was entitled to be judged by the law of their community, called “personal law” at the time because it attaches to each person, though the chapter descriptively labels this “community law” to enable comparisons to other contexts. The first step is to understand empires, which are cauldrons of legal pluralism, using the Roman Empire as an example. The chapter then covers legal pluralism during the High Middle Ages, followed by the slow process by which the state gradually crystallized, absorbing other forms of law within its ambit, though not entirely. It also addresses three legally plural contexts in the early modern period into the twentieth century: the millet system in the Ottoman Empire, extraterritoriality, and the plural legal system entrenched in India by the British East India Company.