scholarly journals Gender Pay Gap Among Urban-Urban Migrant Workers: Pakistan's Two-Tier Urban Labor Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umair ◽  
Lubna Naz
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Urban Migrant ◽  
Urban Labor ◽  
Urban Labor Market

Urban-urban migration has socio-economic and demographic consequences on the labor markets. It affects job mobility and gender-balance in the urban workplace. This study analyzes the gender wage gap among urban-urban migrant workers in Pakistan. The study used the most recent Labour Force Survey, a nationally representative dataset, to identify the determinants of wages for male and female migrant workers separately. The wages of urban-urban female migrants tend to be 45% lower than their male counterparts. The results indicated disparities in working hours and human capital endowment as some of the contributing factors to the increasing gender wage gap. This research calls for implementing drastic measures, i.e., gender-insensitive capacity building of urban migrant workers, workplace incentives for women, and enhancement of women leadership roles, to reduce gender inequalities in the urban labor market.  

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF GENDER WAGE DIFFERENTIAL IN CHINA’S URBAN LABOR MARKET

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (02) ◽  
pp. 423-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALMAS HESHMATI ◽  
BIWEI SU
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Female Wage ◽  
Urban Labor ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation ◽  
Urban Labor Market

This paper estimates the gender wage gap and its composition in China’s urban labor market. The traditional Blinder–Oaxaca (1973) decomposition method with different weighing systems is employed. To correct for potential selection bias caused by women’s labor force participation, we employ the Heckman’s two-step procedure to estimate the female wage function. A large proportion of the gender wage gap is unexplained by differences of productive characteristics of individuals. Even though women have higher level of education attainments on average, they receive lower wages than men. Both facts suggest a potential discrimination against women in China.

scholarly journals Exploring Gender Wage Gap in Urban Labor Market of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahadat Hossain Siddiquee ◽  
Md Amzad Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Quantile Regressions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Urban Labor Market

Using the Labor Force Survey 2010 dataset this paper examines gender wage gap in a large sample of urban workers in Bangladesh and explore whether gender wage gap varies across the wage distribution. Mincerian OLS regression and its Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition results reveal that the estimated wage gap between men and women workers is 21.2%. Adjusting women’s endowments levels to those of men increases women’s wage by 12.1% and a gap of 8.0% remains unexplained. The decomposition results based on the unconditional quantile regressions demonstrate that the estimated total gender wage gap is higher at lower end of the wage distribution compared to the higher end.

The Mystery Revealed—Intersectionality in the Black Box: An Analysis of Female Migrants' Employment Opportunities in Urban China

Hypatia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 862-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Urban Labor ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Urban Labor Market

Female migrant workers are doubly disadvantaged in China's urban labor market because of their doubly marginalized identities as both women and rural residents. This article takes a process‐centered approach to explore how female migrants' two identity categories generate intersectional effects on their job‐search experiences in cities. Data from in‐depth interviews conducted in Xi'an city, China, in 2010 and 2011 reveal that three patterns of relationship explain the processes where the gender–hukou (residence status) intersection affects female migrants. In the first pattern, a splintering relationship, hukou and gender work singly to form employment discrimination against female migrants. The second, a contesting relationship, indicates that hukou and gender alternate as the primary identities that affect their employment opportunities. In the third, a collaborating relationship, hukou and gender work together to either positively or negatively shape female migrants' employment prospects. No matter which of the relationships plays out, female migrants' disadvantages as cheap urban laborers have become deeply entrenched in the urban labor market. This can be explained by two powerful social institutions in contemporary China, the hukou system and patriarchy.

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