Spatio-Temporal Impact of Global Migration on Carbon Transfers Based on Complex Network and Stepwise Regression Analysis

Considering the advancement of economic globalization, the reasons for migration together with the lifestyles of migrants will change the use of energy, environment of origin and destination. This study therefore explores the patterns of global trade-induced carbon emission transfers using “center-of-gravity” and complex network analysis. We further investigate the determinants of carbon transfers by integrating the impact of population migration through the STIRPAT framework for 64 countries over the period 2005–2015 using the stepwise regression approach. Our results unveil that higher levels of migration flow induce higher carbon flow. Specifically, every 1% increase in migration, triggers carbon transfers to increase within the range of 0.118%−0.124%. The rising impact of migration cannot be ignored, even though the coefficients were not so high. Besides, for both male and female migrants, their impact on carbon transfers generated by the intermediate products were higher than those generated by the final products. However, the influence is more obvious in male migrants. With the aim of dividing the sample of countries into three income groups, the results generally show that the impacts of migration vary across levels of income. Therefore, the environmental pressure caused by immigration should be considered by destination countries in the formulating of migration policies. On the other hand, origin countries should take some responsibility for carbon emissions according to their development characteristics.

Impact of Emigration in Dakshinkali Municipality

Migration refers to the process of movement from one place to another, such as crossing intra or international geographical boundaries. Sociological studies of migration are diverse. The motive for migration includes political, economic, social, and environmental cause. It is a known fact that Nepali migrants are scattered around the world and many of them are in Gulf country, followed by America and Japan. This micro level study to Dakshinkali Municipality Kathmandu District. The main objectives of this study are to study the causes of migration and its socio-economic impact of the foreign employment in the study area. The total of 71 respondents was surveyed during household questionnaire survey and altogether 6 key informants were interviewed. The trend of abroad migration for foreign employment and higher education has been increasing. Among the total 71 respondents, male migrants are maximum than the female migrants with the age group of 24-29 and 30-34. The majority of people were dependent on agriculture. Despite being farmer, most of them go to the abroad for foreign employment to maintain their living standards. Remittance was mostly used for education, pay debt and other daily accommodations and only few of them invest in land and small business. High rate of wage was the main push and pull factor. In recent years, the migration has been increasing due to increased unemployment and political conflict

Gender and the Role of Emotional Regulation in Intercultural Communication

This article addresses the question as to why female migrants are more negatively affected than male migrants when confronted with unfamiliar traits in communication in the host country, but they are nevertheless more willing to adapt to the foreign style of communication. To answer this question, the different management of emotional regulation (Thayer et al. 2003) by both genders was investigated. A broad survey conducted among Spanish migrants in Germany led to the conclusion that the female migrants actually perceive the investigated traits more frequently and are also more negatively affected by them. But, in comparison to the males, they have an increased ability to recognize and understand their emotions although they also display an increased tendency to ruminate. However, most of the women counteracted this tendency with a heightened ability to regulate their emotions through antirumination emotional repair strategies. According to the data, this abilityseems to lead to a greater willingness to understand the views of the natives and thus possibly to being more disposed to integrate into the host society.

Pregnancy, childbirth and health of female labour migrants from Central Asia in Russia

The research note contains an analysis of data on health, pregnancy, and childbirth experience among female labour migrants arriving in Russia from Central Asia. Empirically, the study bases on the data of three surveys conducted in 2015, 2017, and 2020. In total, the surveys contain information on 2,028 migrants from Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan living in Russia. The analysis proves that with gradual feminization of labour migration from Central Asia, pregnancy and childbirth in a significant part of labour migrants take place in risky living conditions; the existing system of maternal health protection for migrants in Russia needs modernization. Compared to earlier studies on this topic, the survey data showed a higher proportion of female migrants who had got pregnant and gave birth in Russia along with a lower proportion of migrants who terminated pregnancy. These differences may indicate a change in the reproductive behaviour of women who come to work in Russia from the countries of Central Asia. The presented note shows the need for in-depth studies of the reproductive behaviour of labour migrants in Russia, as well as the development of national migration statistics, which should become gender sensitive.

In Pursuit of Development: Post-Migration Stressors among Kenyan Female Migrants in Austria

The emphasis on migration for development obscures its diverse challenges. The migration development nexus is paradoxical, problematic, and controversial. Remittances have long gained wide interest. Migrants’ subjective experiences are important in understanding overall migration outcomes. International African female migration has increased and it is underexplored. This paper investigates the psychosocial stressors of migration based on the lived experiences of Kenyan female migrants in Austria. A sample of 6 female migrants was selected. Narrative data were recorded and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The findings showed that migration resulted in troubled relationships within the core and extended families. The economic dependency of family members in Kenya caused conflicts in interracial marriages. Acculturation led to alienation, family separation and isolation. Achieving economic goals proved challenging due to unpredictable effects in Austria. Failed expectations driven by stereotypes about Europe resulted in disillusionment and high expenses. Routine racism and Black female body objectification affected the mental health of the participants. This article contributes to knowledge on international African migration and gender-specific issues concerning African female migrants. The results will inform policymakers, academia, future migrants and mental health providers. Further research on the effects of migration on African migrants is recommended.

Balancing Reproductive and Productive Responsibilities: Childcare Strategies Implemented by Migrant Mothers in the Thailand–Myanmar Border Region

Background: In Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, conflicts between ethnic minorities, the government, and the military have been ongoing for decades. Enduring unrest has caused thousands to flee to the region around Mae Sot, a city on Thailand’s western border. Women around the world assume a combination of reproductive and productive responsibilities, and during situations of armed conflict and displacement, conditions for women often worsen. This study investigated the parenting experiences of female migrants from Myanmar living in protracted refugee situations in Mae Sot. Methods: This research was part of a mixed-methods international comparative study on the experiences of parenting in adversity. In this analysis, 62 first-person qualitative narratives shared by migrant mothers in the Thailand–Myanmar border region were inductively analyzed using the Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven method. Results: The results highlight how migrant mothers undertake significant reproductive responsibilities, such as breastfeeding and child-rearing, as well as productive responsibilities, including paid labour in the agricultural, formal, and informal sectors. In order to care and provide for their families, female migrants in the Thailand–Myanmar border region utilized four childcare strategies: caring for children while working, caring for children instead of working, dispersing responsibilities amongst extended family members and children, and delegating reproductive responsibilities to formal and non-familial caretakers. Conclusions: Most mothers shared stories in which they or their immediate family members cared for their children, rather than depending on neighbours or formal childminders. Female migrants may face challenges locating desirable work that is compatible with childcare, rendering certain childcare arrangement strategies more prevalent than others. Further research could elucidate these challenges and how opportunities for gainful employment that are conducive to childcare can be generated for women living in protracted refugee situations.

Trafficking, Client and Police Violence, Sexual Risk and Mental Health Among Women in the Sex Industry at the Thai-Myanmar Border

This study describes sex trafficking and associations with violence and health among female migrants in the sex industry in Mae Sot, Thailand. The mixed-methods study included a qualitative interview phase ( n = 10), followed by a cross-sectional survey phase ( n = 128). Entry via trafficking (force, fraud, or coercion [FFC], or as minors) was prevalent (76.6%), primarily FFC (73.4%). FFC was associated with inconsistent condom use, inability to refuse clients, poor health, and anxiety. Past-year violence was normative including client sexual violence (66.4%), client coercion for condom nonuse (> 95%), and police extortion (56%). Working conditions enabled violence irrespective of mode of entry. Profound unmet needs exist for safety and access to justice irrespective of trafficking history.

Towards Understanding Post-Socialist Migrants’ Access to Physical Activity in the Nordic Region: A Critical Realist Integrative Review

Experiences of, and access and barriers to, physical activity (PA) differ between individuals. This becomes perpetuated in a migration context. Although there is super-diversity between migrant groups, health research rarely accounts for this cultural diversity. More concerningly, the matter of context is rarely scrutinized or juxtaposed with the specifics of certain ethnic groups. This integrative review assessed the evidence on post-socialist migrants’ PA levels, constraints, and enablers for PA in the Nordic region. The results show that post-socialist female migrants have an especially high risk of being physically inactive. The qualitative work elucidates socio-cultural factors that impose specific constraints on females when attempting to engage in PA. Furthermore, in scrutinizing the context, Nordic nature (Friluftsliv) is a viable way for migrants to access PA with additional health benefits (e.g., mental). However, the Nordic environment also poses specific PA challenges, such as harsh winters. This can be understood by considering post-socialist migrants’ prior use of, and attitude to, nature. The review highlights the importance of understanding specifics about both migrant groups and contexts through a critical-realist lens in the pursuit of providing PA opportunities. Future PA programs need to understand the contextual, sociohistorical, and cultural settings in which they and migrants are embedded.

Factors Influencing Contraceptives Use among Female Migrants in Ghanaian Cities, A case of Kayeyei in the Kumasi Metropolis

Historically, women in Africa have long been known to transport agricultural produce, firewood, and pots of water by way of the head for domestic use. This culture has been transformed into feminised unskilled labour termed Kayayei in Ghanaian cities as a fallout from poor education outcomes and its attendant lack of sustainable jobs in the rural areas. Kayayei is used in Ghana to refer to young female migrants between the ages of 8-35 years from the poverty endemic areas of northern Ghana engaging in head porterage business in the cities as a means of survival. The increasing incidence of kayaye and its attendant social, health and economic problems have attracted media and research commentary in Ghana in recent times. This study investigates contraceptive use among kayayei in the Kumasi metropolis of Ghana to inform strategies to improve the reproductive health of the low-income group. The study uses a mixed-method design. A structured survey questionnaire was administered to 121 kayayei. Further, 44 participants were selected from the 121 kayeyei to participate in focus group discussions (FGD). These were complemented with individual interviews of a pharmacist, a chemist shop attendants, and a drug peddler [unlicensed medicine walker]. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the quantitative data from the survey questionnaire, while descriptive coding was used to analyse the qualitative data from FGDs, interviews and field observation. The findings revealed that male partners’ approval was the major determinant of contraceptive use among the participating migrant female head porters. Some 90% of women who were less likely to use contraceptives are those who never discuss or get approval from their partners. Oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUD) and condoms were the most used contraceptive among the kayayei. Participants’ choice of contraceptives was influenced by affordability, accessibility and their perceptions about contraceptive security. The study also identified that side effects from the use of contraceptives, including inconveniences on menstruation, weight gain, and weight loss, were a set of factors that demotivate contraceptives use among the research participants. The study also identified that, although culture has a significant influence on contraceptive use in Africa generally, in the case of migrant young women who have escaped from the cultural scrutiny of their home communities, their sexual partners, rather than culture, have a significant influence on their contraceptives use. The study, therefore, recommends an aggressive public education campaign on contraceptives use targeting both kayayei and their sexual partners in Ghanaian cities, while family planning services are accessible and affordable to this low-income group.