Avian Ectoparasitism in Makurdi, Nigeria: Do Wild Birds Serve as Reservior for Domestic Birds?

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
S M Adelusi ◽  
C G Vajime ◽  
E A Omudu ◽  
R O Okpotu ◽  
F O Onazi
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Zoological Garden ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
North Bank ◽  
Avian Populations

This study highlights the possible exchange of parasites between domestic and wild birds. Ectoparasites were collected from domestic birds in three residential areas (Wurukum, North Bank and Logo II) and from wild birds in the zoological garden and Mu forest from August – November 2013. A total of 500 domestic birds (chicken, ducks, turkeys, and pigeons) were randomly sampled from thirty (30) households while a total of 127 wild birds were sampled from the Zoological Garden and Mu Forest. The dust-ruffling method was used to pick ectoparasites from birds. A total of 394 (78.8%) of the 500 domestic birds were infested with 689 ectoparasites. Lice had the highest prevalence of 84.6%, while ticks, mites, and fleas had a prevalence of 3.3%, 7.7%, and 4.4 % respectively. For the wild birds, a total of 80 (63.0%) out of the 127 birds were infested with 674 ectoparasites. Lice also had the highest prevalence of 66.0%, while ticks, mites, and fleas had a prevalence of 4.2%, 13.1%, and 16.8% respectively. Out of the 17 ectoparasite species encountered, six (6) were found in both wild birds and domestic birds. Predominant species of ectoparasites infesting both domestic and wild birds are lice (Lipeurus caponis), mites (Dermanyssus gallinea) fleas (Echidnophaga species) and ticks (Argas persicus). Integration between ecology and veterinary medicine will allow a better understanding of population dynamics of ticks and other ectoparasites as they constantly co-infest avian populations. As long as the role of wild birds acting as reservoirs for the infestation of domestic birds is underestimated, efforts at preventing and controlling ectoparasites of domestic birds and poultry diseases may be a futile venture.

scholarly journals Do males matter? The role of males in population dynamics

Oikos ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Rankin ◽  
Hanna Kokko
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics

scholarly journals Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its Environment

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1783
Author(s):  
Susana Sanz ◽  
Carmen Olarte ◽  
Raquel Hidalgo-Sanz ◽  
Laura Ruiz-Ripa ◽  
Rosa Fernández-Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selective Media ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Bacterial Dissemination ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Broiler Farm ◽  
Cardinal Directions ◽  
Dna Profiles ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

The role of the air as a vehicle of bacteria dissemination in the farming environment has been previously reported, but still scarcely studied. This study investigated the bacteria density/diversity of the inside and outside air and of litter samples at a broiler farm. Samples were collected considering two seasons, three outside air distances (50/100/150 m) and the four cardinal directions. Selective media was used for staphylococci, enterococci, and Enterobacteriaceae recovery. A high number of bacteria was detected in the litter (2.9 × 105–5.8 × 107 cfu/g) and in the inside air (>105 cfu/m3), but a low emission of bacteria was evidenced in the outside air (<6 cfu/m3). Moreover, the bacteria detected in the farm’s outside air decreased the further from the farm the sample was taken. A total of 544 isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF (146 from the litter, 142 from inside air and 256 from outside air). From these, 162 staphylococci (14 species; S. saprophyticus 40.7%), 176 Enterobacteriaceae (4 species; E. coli 66%) and 190 enterococci (4 species; E. hirae 83%) were detected. E. hirae was the predominant species, and identical PFGE clones were detected in inside and outside samples. The detection of identical DNA profiles in E. hirae isolates from inside and outside samples suggests the role of the air in bacterial dissemination from the inside of the broiler farm to the immediate environment.

Ecological Studies on Aphides infesting the Potato Crop

1932 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Maldwyn Davies
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Initial Infestation

1. Ecological studies on aphides attacking potatoes were commenced in 1928 with a view to elucidating certain problems of entomological interest and also the role of these insects as vectors of disease. The species include, Myzus persicae, Sulz., Macrosiphum gei, Koch, and Myzus pseudosolani, Theo.2. The present study is confined mainly to the infestation of aphides on potatoes at a selected centre which is described.3. Solitary apterous viviparous females were in a majority on potatoes during the period of initial infestation in early June. Their presence is explained by (1) the overwintering of aphides on weeds and field plants, (2) the first few alatae depositing single nymphs and then migrating, (3) infection from infested seed.4. The maximum infestation was reached during mid-July, when 86 per cent. of the leaves were infested and there was an average of 2·8 aphides to a leaf. The infestation was below that of the previous three years. Macrosiphum gei bred up rapidly, at first on the flower-heads, and was the predominant species, its decline in numbers being equally rapid. Myzus persicae increased more slowly and did not reach such numbers, but the maximum was maintained longer and the disappearance of the species was delayed. Myzus pseudosolani was only taken in August and then in small numbers.5. An estimate of the intensity of the aphis population is attempted, and in the present moderate infestation of 2·8 aphides to a leaf it was of the order of 2,000,000 aphides to an acre of potatoes.6. A technique was established to ascertain the movement of aphides within the crop. Weekly records on observational leaves revealed that 100 per cent. of the aphides moved their site and at least 84 per cent. of each species moved from leaf to leaf within the weekly period. Daily records during the period of maximum infestation showed that 84 per cent. of Macrosiphum gei and 73 per cent. of Myzus persicae changed site within 24 hours, and of these at least 50 per cent. moved from the leaves upon which they had been observed.7. It was noted that no attempt was made to maintain large local colonies, for the movement of both adults and nymphs was frequent, and observed colonies soon dispersed. The extended infestation of Myzus persicae is discussed with reference to its establishment on field plants, other than potatoes, during the autumn and winter.

scholarly journals High Genetic Diversity of Newcastle Disease Virus in Wild and Domestic Birds in Northeastern China from 2013 to 2015 Reveals Potential Epidemic Trends

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1530-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingze Zhang ◽  
Guangyao Xie ◽  
Xinxin Liu ◽  
Lili Ai ◽  
Yanyu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Class I ◽  
Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Domestic Birds

ABSTRACTNewcastle disease (ND), caused by the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is one of the most important viral diseases of birds globally, but little is currently known regarding enzootic trends of NDV in northeastern China, especially for class I viruses. Thus, we performed a surveillance study for NDV in northeastern China from 2013 to 2015. A total 755 samples from wild and domestic birds in wetlands and live bird markets (LBMs) were collected, and 10 isolates of NDV were identified. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that five isolates from LBMs belong to class I subgenotype 1b, two (one from wild birds and one from LBMs) belong to the vaccine-like class II genotype II, and three (all from wild birds) belong to class II subgenotype Ib. Interestingly, the five class I isolates had epidemiological connections with viruses from southern, eastern, and southeastern China. Our findings, together with recent prevalence trends of class I and virulent class II NDV in China, suggest possible virus transmission between wild and domestic birds and the potential for an NDV epidemic in the future.

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