The dynamics of earthquakes rupture : A view from the laboratory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois Passelegue ◽  
Federica Paglialunga ◽  
Alexandre Schubnel ◽  
Giulio Di Toro
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Source ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Slip Rates ◽  
Robust Solution ◽  
Slip Mechanism ◽  
Source Physics ◽  
Earthquake Source Physics

<p> </p><p>Earthquakes are spectacular natural disasters, with for example the recent disastrous Sumatra and Tohoku-Oki earthquakes (2004 and 2011, respectively). Presently, predicting earthquakes remains one of the biggest societal challenges in natural science. While seismological observations have much improved in recent years, our understanding of earthquake source physics remains limited due to the scarcity of monitored seismic rupture along similar fault systems, making long- or short-time scale predictions impossible. Friction and fracture are the two keys to understanding earthquakes. Laboratory experiments could be a robust solution to study earthquakes under safe and controlled conditions, which is mandatory to understand and compare the details of earthquake source physics. Conversely to common friction experiments conducted at both slow and seismic slip rates, the stick-slip mechanism is associated to the propagation of a rupture front, i.e. the radiation of seismic waves. Using stick-slip as an earthquake analog coupled to a state-of-the-art high frequency acoustic monitoring system, we demonstrated in the past that accelerations recorded in the kilohertz range on centimeter-sized samples were self-similar to the ones one can expect at the kilometric scale for a large earthquake. Based on this laboratory earthquakes catalogue, we highlighted that acoustic and strain measurements can be used to (i) locate and follow seismicity, (ii) estimate the energy budget of laboratory earthquakes, (iii) discriminate the mode of slip and the rupture speed. Lately, using medium scale experiments, we studied the scale dependence of rupture processes. These new results, notably in term of weakening of faulting and energy balance allowed us to initiate a bridge between laboratory earthquakes, fracture mechanics and natural seismicity. We discuss here how these experimental results can be upscaled to natural earthquakes.</p>

scholarly journals Earthquake Source Physics

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
R. Teisseyre
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Source ◽  
Source Physics ◽  
Earthquake Source Physics

scholarly journals Preface to the Topical Volume Earthquake Source Physics on Various Scales

2014 ◽  
Vol 171 (10) ◽  
pp. 2533-2536
Author(s):  
Adrien Oth ◽  
Kevin Mayeda ◽  
Luis Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Source ◽  
Source Physics ◽  
Earthquake Source Physics

Hysteresis Identification of Carbon Nanotube Composite Beams

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Taló ◽  
Walter Lacarbonara ◽  
Giovanni Formica ◽  
Giulia Lanzara
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Model ◽  
Differential Evolution Algorithm ◽  
Hysteresis Loops ◽  
Hysteretic Behavior ◽  
Damping Capacity ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Slip Mechanism ◽  
Material Optimization ◽  
Constitutive Parameters ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Nanocomposites made of a hosting polymer matrix integrated with carbon nanotubes as nanofillers exhibit an inherent hysteretic behavior arising from the CNT/matrix frictional sliding. Such stick-slip mechanism is responsible for the high damping capacity of CNT nanocomposites. A full 3D nonlinear constitutive model, framed in the context of the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka theory, reduced to a 1D phenomenological model is shown to describe accurately the CNT/polymer stick-slip hysteresis. The nonlinear hysteretic response of CNT nanocomposite beams is experimentally characterized via displacement-driven tests in bending mode. The force-displacement cycles are identified via the phenomenological model featuring five independent constitutive parameters. A preliminary parametric study highlights the importance of some key parameters in determining the shape of the hysteresis loops. The parameter identification is performed via one of the variants of a genetic-type differential evolution algorithm. The nanocomposites hysteresis loops are identified with reasonably low mean square errors. Such outcome confirms that the 1D phenomenological model may serve as an effective tool to describe and predict the nanocomposite nonlinear hysteretic behavior towards unprecedented material optimization and design.

Stick-slip mechanism in a granular medium

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 600-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Bobryakov
Keyword(s):  
Granular Medium ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Slip Mechanism

Postglacial faulting near Crater Lake, Oregon, and its possible association with the Mazama caldera-forming eruption

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1440-1458
Author(s):  
Charles R. Bacon ◽  
Joel E. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Crater Lake ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Normal Displacement ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Normal Extension ◽  
Slip Rates ◽  
Crater Lake National Park ◽  
Lateral Offset

Abstract Volcanoes of subduction-related magmatic arcs occur in a variety of crustal tectonic regimes, including where active faults indicate arc-normal extension. The Cascades arc volcano Mount Mazama overlaps on its west an ∼10-km-wide zone of ∼north-south–trending normal faults. A lidar (light detection and ranging) survey of Crater Lake National Park, reveals several previously unrecognized faults west of the caldera. Postglacial vertical separations measured from profiles across scarps range from ∼2 m to as much as 12 m. Scarp profiles commonly suggest two or more postglacial surface-rupturing events. Ignimbrite of the ca. 7.6 ka climactic eruption of Mount Mazama, during which Crater Lake caldera formed, appears to bury fault strands where they project into thick, valley-filling ignimbrite. Lack of lateral offset of linear features suggests principally normal displacement, although predominant left stepping of scarp strands implies a component of dextral slip. West-northwest–east-southeast and north-northwest–south-southeast linear topographic elements, such as low scarps or ridges, shallow troughs, and straight reaches of streams, suggest that erosion was influenced by distributed shear, consistent with GPS vectors and clockwise rotation of the Oregon forearc block. Surface rupture lengths (SRL) of faults suggest earthquakes of (moment magnitude) Mw6.5 from empirical scaling relationships. If several faults slipped in one event, a combined SRL of 44 km suggests an earthquake of Mw7.0. Postglacial scarps as high as 12 m imply maximum vertical slip rates of 1.5 mm/yr for the zone west of Crater Lake, considerably higher than the ∼0.3 mm/yr long-term rate for the nearby West Klamath Lake fault zone. An unanswered question is the timing of surface-rupturing earthquakes relative to the Mazama climactic eruption. The eruption may have been preceded by a large earthquake. Alternatively, large surface-rupturing earthquakes may have occurred during the eruption, a result of decrease in east-west compressive stress during ejection of ∼50 km3 of magma and concurrent caldera collapse.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Implantation on Metal Transfer during Sliding Wear under Ambient Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Autry ◽  
Harris Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Wear Mechanism ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Metal Transfer ◽  
Interstitial Free ◽  
Volumetric Wear ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Implantation ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Slip Mechanism

Nitrogen implantation in Interstitial-Free steel was evaluated for its impact on metal transfer and 1100 Al rider wear. It was determined that nitrogen implantation reduced metal transfer in a trend that increased with dose; the Archard wear coefficient reductions of two orders of magnitude were achieved using a dose of 2e17 ions/cm2, 100 kV. Cold-rolling the steel and making volumetric wear measurements of the Al-rider determined that the hardness of the harder material had little impact on volumetric wear or friction. Nitrogen implantation had chemically affected the tribological process studied in two ways: directly reducing the rider wear and reducing the fraction of rider wear that ended up sticking to the ISF steel surface. The structure of the nitrogen in the ISF steel did not affect the tribological behavior because no differences in friction/wear measurements were detected after postimplantation heat treating to decompose the as-implantedε-Fe3N toγ-Fe4N. The fraction of rider-wear sticking to the steel depended primarily on the near-surface nitrogen content. Covariance analysis of the debris oxygen and nitrogen contents indicated that nitrogen implantation enhanced the tribo-oxidation process with reference to the unimplanted material. As a result, the reduction in metal transfer was likely related to the observed tribo-oxidation in addition to the introduction of nitride wear elements into the debris. The primary Al rider wear mechanism was stick-slip, and implantation reduced the friction and friction noise associated with that wear mechanism. Calculations based on the Tabor junction growth formula indicate that the mitigation of the stick-slip mechanism resulted from a reduced adhesive strength at the interface during the sticking phase.

Earthquake source properties from analysis of dynamic ruptures and far-field seismic waves in a damage-breakage model

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 (3) ◽  
pp. 1793-1810
Author(s):  
Ittai Kurzon ◽  
Vladimir Lyakhovsky ◽  
Yehuda Ben-Zion
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Earthquake Source ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Rupture Directivity ◽  
Rupture Velocity ◽  
S Waves ◽  
Dominant Frequencies

SUMMARY We present results on earthquake source properties using simulations of dynamic rupture and radiated seismic waves in a continuum damage-breakage rheological model. The source properties are derived by (1) calculation of source parameters directly from the simulated ruptures and (2) observational processing of the far-field radiated waves. The seismic potency, moment, damage-related source term, rupture velocity and effective rigidity are estimated directly from the simulated sources, while the radiation pattern, dominant frequency, directivity, rupture velocity and seismic potency are calculated through analysis of the radiated waves. The potencies calculated directly from the sources are used to validate those estimated by wave analysis. The effective rigidity at the rupture zone during failure is about four times smaller than that of the intact surrounding rocks. Rupture velocity can be estimated by far-field measurements for sources with unidirectional ruptures with prominent rupture directivity. The dominant frequencies for P and S waves $f_d^S/f_d^P$ reflect clearly the rupture duration and have a ratio in the range 0.87–1.12. Seismic potencies obtained through processing the P or S waves have an overall ±15 per cent difference from the source reference values. The calculated values of the coefficient ${\rm{\kappa }}$, relating rupture length to corner or dominant frequency, have strong dependency on the source geometry. Using a strain-rate dependent ${\rm{\kappa }}$, we obtain much weaker dependencies of strain-drop on the dominant frequencies, $\Delta {\rm{\varepsilon }} \propto {( {{f_d}} )^{3/4}}$, than the classical cube-dependency between stress drop and corner frequency, and corresponding weak dependency of average slip on dominant frequency, ${\rm{\bar{D}}} \propto {( {{f_d}} )^{1/2}}$. The obtained analysis procedure and relations can be used to reduce the uncertainty of source properties derived from far-field seismic waves.

Cyclic extrusion of a lava dome based on a stick-slip mechanism

2012 ◽  
Vol 337-338 ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Costa ◽  
G. Wadge ◽  
O. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Lava Dome ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Slip Mechanism

Application Research of Stick-Slip Mechanism on MW Wind Turbine Yaw System

2012 ◽  
Vol 220-223 ◽  
pp. 463-468
Author(s):  
Xiao Guang Li ◽  
Ping Zhao ◽  
Jie Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Torsional Stiffness ◽  
Application Research ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Rotating Speed ◽  
Slip Mechanism ◽  
Simulation Calculation ◽  
Stick Slip Motion

The “stick-slip” motion or creep phenomenon is often observed in MW wind turbine yaw system. Yam system stick-slip coupling phenomenon was analyzed, and stick-slip coupling kinematic model was established and simulated by Simulink. The influence of torsional stiffness, friction coefficient difference, rotating speed, damping ratio and tightening torque on system was researched. Main measures for elimination of stick-slip coupling phenomenon were given through theoretical analysis and simulation calculation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document