Supplementary material to "Evidence for high-elevation salar recharge and interbasin groundwater flow in the Western Cordillera of the Peruvian Andes"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odiney Alvarez-Campos ◽  
Elizabeth J. Olson ◽  
Marty D. Frisbee ◽  
Sebastián A. Zuñiga Medina ◽  
José Díaz Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Western Cordillera ◽  
Supplementary Material

scholarly journals Evidence for high-elevation salar recharge and interbasin groundwater flow in the Western Cordillera of the Peruvian Andes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odiney Alvarez-Campos ◽  
Elizabeth J. Olson ◽  
Marty D. Frisbee ◽  
Sebastián A. Zuñiga Medina ◽  
José Díaz Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Lacustrine Sediments ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Stable Water Isotopes ◽  
Isotopic Tracers ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Closed Basin ◽  
Basin Surface ◽  
Groundwater Flowpaths

Abstract. Improving our understanding of hydrogeological processes on the western flank of the central Andes is critical to communities living in this arid region. Groundwater emerging as springs at low elevations provides water for drinking, agriculture, and baseflow. Some springs also have recreation or religious significance. However, the high elevation sources of recharge and specific groundwater flowpaths that support these springs and convey groundwater to lower elevations in southern Peru remain poorly quantified in this geologically complex environment. The objectives of this study were to identify recharge zones and groundwater flowpaths supporting natural springs east of the city of Arequipa in the volcanic mountain terrain, particularly, the potential for recharge within the high-elevation closed-basin Lagunas Salinas salar. We used geochemical and isotopic tracers in springs, surface waters (rivers and lakes), and precipitation (rain and snow) sampled from March 2019 through February 2020. We obtained monthly samples from six springs, bimonthly samples from four rivers, and various samples from high-elevation springs during the dry season. We analyzed stable water isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) and general chemistry of springs, rivers, local rainfall, and snow from Pichu Pichu volcano. The monthly isotopic composition of spring water was invariable over time, suggesting that the springs receive a stable source of groundwater recharge and are not supported by relatively short groundwater flowpaths. The chemistry of springs in the low- and mid-elevations (2500 to 2900 masl) point towards a mix of recharge from the salar (4300 masl) and mountain-block recharge (MBR) in or above a queñuales forest ecosystem at ~4000 masl on the adjacent Pichu Pichu volcano. Springs at higher elevation closer to the salar and in a region with a high degree of faulting had higher chloride concentrations indicating higher proportions of interbasin groundwater flow from the salar. We conclude that while the salar is a closed basin, surface water from the salar recharges through the lacustrine sediments, mixes with mountain-block groundwater, and is incorporated into the regional groundwater flow system. Groundwater flow in the mountain block and the subsequent interbasin groundwater flow is accommodated through extensive faulting and fracturing. Our findings provide valuable information on the flowpaths and zones of recharge that support low-elevation springs in this arid region. In this study, high-elevation forests and a closed-basin salar are important sources of recharge. These features should be carefully managed to prevent impacts to the down-valley springs and streams.

scholarly journals The Glaciochemistry of Snow-Pits from Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru, 1982

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Berry Lyons ◽  
A. Paul Mayewski ◽  
Lonnie G. Thompson ◽  
Boyd Allen
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Reactive Iron ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Quelccaya Ice Cap

We present glaciochemical data from a pilot study of two snow-pits from Quelccaya ice cap, Peruvian Andes. These are the first samples to be analyzed from Quelccaya for nitrate and sulfate by ion chromatography (IC), for nitrate-plus-nitrite, reactive silicate and reactive iron by colorimetry, and for sodium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The 3 m pits used in this study represent a one year record of mass accumulation and the 29 samples collected provide the first glaciochemical data from this area which can be compared with glaciochemical studies from other locations.Reactive iron, reactive silicate and sodium, and the profiles of >0.63μm microparticles from Thompson and others (1984) are coincident, suggesting that transport and deposition into this area of each species are controlled by similar processes. The common source is probably local, resulting from crustal weathering. In general, the reactive silicate values are lower than those observed in other alpine glacier ice. The highest sulfate and nitrate values were observed in the upper few centimeters of the snow-pit. Most of the sulfate concentrations were less than 3 μM and are similar to values obtained for fresh surface snows from Bolivia (Stallard and Edmond 1981). Since biological gaseous emissions are thought to be the major source of sulfur and nitrogen to the atmosphere over the Amazon basin, the sulfate and nitrate fluctuations may be due to seasonal biological input and/or seasonal shifts in wind direction bringing material to Quelccaya.With only one exception, the colorimetric nitrate-plus-nitrite data were higher than the IC nitrate data. Unfortunately, the IC analyses were conducted 81 d after the colorimetric analyses. The difference between the two data sets could be attributable to the following: (1) the colorimetric technique may yield erroneously high results as suggested for polar ice by Herron (1982), (2) the IC technique yields erroneously low results due, in part, to the possible exclusion of nitrite concentrations, and/or (3) nitrite was lost via biological removal during the 81 d period before the IC analyses. If the IC data are correct, the mean nitrate value is 0.4μΜ (n = 29). This value is similar to those reported from pre-industrial aged polar ice (Herron 1982). If the colorimetric mean value (1.1 μM) is correct, it is similar to colorimetrically determined values from other high-elevation alpine ice (Lyons and Mayewski 1983).

Supplementary material to "Miocene high elevation and high relief in the Central Alps"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilija Krsnik ◽  
Katharina Methner ◽  
Marion Campani ◽  
Svetlana Botsyun ◽  
Sebastian G. Mutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Elevation ◽  
Central Alps ◽  
Supplementary Material

scholarly journals The Glaciochemistry of Snow-Pits from Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru, 1982

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Berry Lyons ◽  
A. Paul Mayewski ◽  
Lonnie G. Thompson ◽  
Boyd Allen
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Reactive Iron ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Quelccaya Ice Cap

We present glaciochemical data from a pilot study of two snow-pits from Quelccaya ice cap, Peruvian Andes. These are the first samples to be analyzed from Quelccaya for nitrate and sulfate by ion chromatography (IC), for nitrate-plus-nitrite, reactive silicate and reactive iron by colorimetry, and for sodium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The 3 m pits used in this study represent a one year record of mass accumulation and the 29 samples collected provide the first glaciochemical data from this area which can be compared with glaciochemical studies from other locations. Reactive iron, reactive silicate and sodium, and the profiles of >0.63μm microparticles from Thompson and others (1984) are coincident, suggesting that transport and deposition into this area of each species are controlled by similar processes. The common source is probably local, resulting from crustal weathering. In general, the reactive silicate values are lower than those observed in other alpine glacier ice. The highest sulfate and nitrate values were observed in the upper few centimeters of the snow-pit. Most of the sulfate concentrations were less than 3 μM and are similar to values obtained for fresh surface snows from Bolivia (Stallard and Edmond 1981). Since biological gaseous emissions are thought to be the major source of sulfur and nitrogen to the atmosphere over the Amazon basin, the sulfate and nitrate fluctuations may be due to seasonal biological input and/or seasonal shifts in wind direction bringing material to Quelccaya. With only one exception, the colorimetric nitrate-plus-nitrite data were higher than the IC nitrate data. Unfortunately, the IC analyses were conducted 81 d after the colorimetric analyses. The difference between the two data sets could be attributable to the following: (1) the colorimetric technique may yield erroneously high results as suggested for polar ice by Herron (1982), (2) the IC technique yields erroneously low results due, in part, to the possible exclusion of nitrite concentrations, and/or (3) nitrite was lost via biological removal during the 81 d period before the IC analyses. If the IC data are correct, the mean nitrate value is 0.4μΜ (n = 29). This value is similar to those reported from pre-industrial aged polar ice (Herron 1982). If the colorimetric mean value (1.1 μM) is correct, it is similar to colorimetrically determined values from other high-elevation alpine ice (Lyons and Mayewski 1983).

scholarly journals Untangling cryptic diversity in the High Andes: Revision of the Scytalopus [magellanicus] complex (Rhinocryptidae) in Peru reveals three new species

The Auk ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels K Krabbe ◽  
Thomas S Schulenberg ◽  
Peter A Hosner ◽  
Kenneth V Rosenberg ◽  
Tristan J Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Species Limits ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Tropical Mountains ◽  
Avian Biodiversity ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Diverse Data

Abstract Tropical mountains feature marked species turnover along elevational gradients and across complex topography, resulting in great concentrations of avian biodiversity. In these landscapes, particularly among morphologically conserved and difficult to observe avian groups, species limits still require clarification. One such lineage is Scytalopus tapaculos, which are among the morphologically most conserved birds. Attention to their distinctive vocal repertoires and phylogenetic relationships has resulted in a proliferation of newly identified species, many of which are restricted range endemics. Here, we present a revised taxonomy and identify species limits among high-elevation populations of Scytalopus tapaculos inhabiting the Peruvian Andes. We employ an integrated framework using a combination of vocal information, mitochondrial DNA sequences, and appearance, gathered from our own fieldwork over the past 40 yr and supplemented with community-shared birdsong archives and museum specimens. We describe 3 new species endemic to Peru. Within all 3 of these species there is genetic differentiation, which in 2 species is mirrored by subtle geographic plumage and vocal variation. In a fourth species, Scytalopus schulenbergi, we document deep genetic divergence and plumage differences despite overall vocal similarity. We further propose that an extralimital taxon, Scytalopus opacus androstictus, be elevated to species rank, based on a diagnostic vocal character. Our results demonstrate that basic exploration and descriptive work using diverse data sources continues to identify new species of birds, particularly in tropical environs.

scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Assessment of Sun photometer Langley calibration at the high-elevation sites Mauna Loa and Izaña"

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Toledano ◽  
Ramiro González ◽  
David Fuertes ◽  
Emilio Cuevas ◽  
Thomas F. Eck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Elevation ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Sun Photometer

scholarly journals Drymaria veliziae (Caryophyllaceae), a new species from the Andes of Cajamarca (North Peru)

PhytoKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Montesinos-Tubée ◽  
Carolina Tovar ◽  
Gustavo Iberico-Vela ◽  
Juan Montoya-Quino ◽  
Isidoro Sanchez-Vega
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Original Photographs ◽  
Diagnostic Key ◽  
Location Map ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Montane Grasslands

A new species from the Northern Peruvian Andes (Cajamarca department), Drymaria veliziaesp. nov., is proposed in the present paper. It grows in the high-elevation montane grasslands and it is morphologically similar to D. auriculipetala from which it differs in having elliptic-ovate leaves, blade margin bases glandular, large number of stipules arranged in a pedicel form at the leaf axis and by the short and glandular pedicels. A detailed description, original photographs and a location map are provided, as well as an updated diagnostic key of Drymaria Ser. Frutescens. The IUCN status of the new species is assessed as Endangered (EN).

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