scholarly journals Classifications Used in Spinal Cord Injuries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erek Öztürk ◽  
Yener Akyuva ◽  
Erdinç Çivelek
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multidimensional Pain Inventory ◽  
Cord Injury

Creating a common language allows information to be shared well/wholesome/healthily. Classifications have a important role in the formation of this language, which provides many benefits such as follow-up of the clinical course. Classifications in spinal cord injuries are based on examination, so the results of different treatments can be revealed more clearly with a standardized examination and registration. The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) which is the most sensitive and common classification was developed by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) and the International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS), although its foundations were laid in 1969 by Frankel. Apart from neurological evaluation, there are scales such as Functional Independence Scale, Modified Barthel Index, Spinal Cord Independence Scale, Quadriplegia Functional Index, Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury, Spinal Cord Injury Functional Ambulation Inventory to determine the functional status in spinal cord injuries. Additionally scales such as Assessment of Spinal Cord Injury Basic Pain Data Set, Multidimensional Pain Inventory, DN4 (DouleurNeuropathique DN4) can be used for pain assessment in a patient with spinal cord injury.

scholarly journals Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for chronic spinal cord injury: A long-term follow-up study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-105
Author(s):  
Naifeng Kuang ◽  
Xiaoyu Wang ◽  
Yuexia Chen ◽  
Guifeng Liu ◽  
Fan’e Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Cell ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Spinal cord injury is a serious disabling condition. Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is one of the most promising treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI). Thirty-nine patients with chronic SCI received OEC transplantation and completed long-term follow-up, with a minimum follow-up of 7 years. We assessed sensorimotor function with the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) and autonomic nervous function by the International Standards to document remaining Autonomic Function after Spinal Cord Injury (ISAFSCI), and sympathetic skin responses (SSR). The scores of each group were significantly higher after OECs transplantation than before treatment. SSR latencies were shorter and response amplitudes increased after treatment. Long-term follow-up showed further improvement only in motor function and autonomic function compared with 3 months postoperatively. No complications occurred in any patient during long-term follow-up. The results indicate that the transplantation of OECs in spinal cord restored function without serious side effects.

Long-Term Follow-up of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Figen Yilmaz ◽  
Fusun Sahin ◽  
Semra Aktug ◽  
Banu Kuran ◽  
Adem Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Functional Independence Measure ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
American Spinal Injury Association ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the motor, sensory, and functional recovery in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods. Forty-one patients with SCI participated in this study. Twenty patients were evaluated after discharge. Each patient was evaluated by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) at admission, before discharge, and at least at 6 months after discharge. Friedman, Dunn, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. Results. There were 17 male and 3 female patients. Seven patients had complete SCI, and 13 patients had incomplete SCI. The evaluation of motor, sensory, and FIM scores at admission showed significant improvement in all of the patients during the follow-up period (P < 0.0001). Five incompletely injured cases improved with regard to ASIA staging. Motor and FIM scores significantly increased at follow-up for converted and unconverted patients. All parameters increased at follow-up in patients who were complete and incomplete. Motor scores significantly increased at discharge and at follow-up. FIM scores also increased significantly at follow-up in incomplete patients. Conclusion. Motor, sensory, and FIM scores increased in patients with SCI after a follow-up period of 18 months. Improvement to a higher ASIA stage could be accomplished by 25% of the patients. Although both complete and incomplete patients recovered significantly at the follow-up period, only incompletely injured cases could convert to a higher ASIA stage.

scholarly journals International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injuries (ASIA/ISNCSCI scale, revised 2015) 67

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei V Vissarionov ◽  
Alexei G Baindurashvili ◽  
Irina A Kryukova
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
International Standards ◽  
American Spinal Injury Association ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Important Challenge

Standardization of neurological examination and diagnosis in the case of spinal injury is currently an important challenge in neurotraumatology. At present, most organizations, worldwide, that are involved with spinal injuries, apply the International Standards for Neurological Classifications of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), drafted by American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) and approved in 1992. The ASIA/ISNCSCI scale is a quantitative system for estimation of the neurological status of spinal cord injury patients. The ASIA/ISNCSCI scale has been repeatedly updated and revised since 1992. The 2015 version of the ISNCSCI on the American Spinal Injury Association website is demonstrated in this study, and the form and testing instruction are translated into Russian.

scholarly journals Evaluation and prognosis of spinal cord injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 596-602
Author(s):  
Jeehyun Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury Patient ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Injury Patient ◽  
The Right ◽  
Caudal Level

It is important to perform an accurate neurological assessment using the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) to judge the prognosis of spinal cord injury patients. We can gauge the prognosis for upper extremity function or gait ability according to the ISNCSCI results. ISNCSCI involves both sensory and motor examination, and it is performed with the patient in the supine position to enable a comparison between the initial and follow-up exams. The sensory exam is performed on the 28 key sensory points of dermatomes for light touch and pinprick. The motor exam is performed on 10 key muscles on each side. The sensory and motor levels for the right and left sides are determined according to the sensory and motor exam results. The neurological level of injury is the most caudal level of the cord at which both the motor and sensory functions are intact. Finally, the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) is determined. AIS A indicates complete injury, and AIS B, C, and D indicate incomplete injuries. Once the sensory and motor levels, neurological level of injury, and AIS scale of a spinal cord injury patient are determined through ISNCSCI, the patient's prognosis can be predicted based on those results. Furthermore, ISNCSCI performed at 72 hours after an injury yields the most significant prognostic factors.

scholarly journals SOME ASPECTS OF PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD INJURY

2005 ◽  
pp. 015-019
Author(s):  
Igor Ivanovich Larkin ◽  
Valery Ivanovich Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Radiological Diagnostics ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Mri Changes

Objective. To analyse the possibility of diagnostics improvement in children with spinal cord injuries. Material and Methods. The observations of 147 cases of various spinal cord injuries in children at the age of 11 months to 15 years have been analyzed. Causes of trauma, age peculiarities of spinal injury manifestations, and difficulties of clinical and radiological diagnostics are discussed. Results. Most cases of spinal cord injury in children could be revealed and adequately managed at a prehospital stage. It should be noted that the spine lesion and MRI changes do not always accompany spinal cord injury in children. This observation must be taken into account while making diagnosis. Conclusion. Electromyography is an important examination confirming spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities (SCIWORA syndrome) in children.

scholarly journals A complex case of neuro-muscular rehabilitation with favorable evolution, in a patient with incomplete tetraplegia post cervical and thoracic spinal cord injury - surgically treated, in a politraumatic context, by car accident

2020 ◽  
pp. 524-526
Author(s):  
Andreea DUMITRASCU ◽  
Ioana ANDONE ◽  
Aura SPÎNU ◽  
Carmen CHIPĂRUȘ ◽  
Cristina POPESCU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Complex Case ◽  
Urinary Catheterization ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Car Accident

Introduction: Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are major conditions that usually determine severe and permanent dysfunctions, or even important loss of basic functions, generating severe or rather permanent sequels. They can have important chronic consequences such as: tetraplegia or paraplegia.(1). Materials and Methods: This paper presents the case of a young 19-year-old patient who suffered in March 2019, a car accident (passenger) with spinal cord injury (SCI) at cervical and thoracic level in a politraumatic context, hospitalized at the Neurosurgery Clinic (NS) II of TEHBA in a severe condition, for complete AIS/Frankel A tetraplegia, with a C7 fracture, T3, T4, T5 cominutive fractures with fragments in the medullary channel, minor traumatic brain injury, multiple costal fractures, abdominal trauma and respiratory failure. When the patient became hemodynamic and respiratory stable it was decided a neuro-surgical intervention, initially at cervical level through an anterior approach, with mixed osteo-sinthesis and C7 discectomy. Because of the spine instability, thoracic surgical treatment was delayed with 11 days, when he suffers a neurosurgery for medullary decompression, drainage and stabilization of the spine. In our clinical division, the patient was admitted with an incomplete AIS/Frankel B tetraplegia and initially followed a rehabilitation nursing program and subsequently continued with a recovery therapy according to clinical stages. The patient was assessed functionally using the following scales: AIS/Frankel, modified Ashworth, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Life Quality Assessment (QOL), FAC International Scale, Independence Assessment Scale in Daily Activities (ADL / IADL), Walking Scale for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI). Results: The patient benefited from a complex neuro-muscular rehabilitation program, having a favorable evolution, with an increase in the evaluated scales scores – passing from AIS/Frankel B classification to a severe AIS/Frankel C stage, and thus, at the moment he is performing walking on short distances, through parallel bars, with long left leg orthosis and support from another person. It was tried a sphincter re-education, but, after urologic examination, because of the important spasticity in the lower limbs and of the urinary catheterization discomfort, it was decided that for a while the patient to remain with fixed urinary catheterization. Conclusions: Even if there is still no cure for SCI sequels, the accurate clinical-functional evaluation, the neurosurgical prompt therapeutic approach, adding complex nursing measures, personalized rehabilitative and kinetotherapy programs, in a young patient with SCI by car accident, determined neuro-locomotor improvements with an increase in patient’s quality of life.(1),(2). Keywords: spinal cord injuries, tetraplegia, traumatism, rehabilitation,

Physical Activity, Quality of Life, and Functional Autonomy of Adults With Spinal Cord Injuries

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Yuri Kawanishi ◽  
Márcia Greguol
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Functional Autonomy ◽  
Using Data

This study aimed to perform a systematic review of studies that address the influence of physical activity on the quality of life and functional independence of adult individuals with spinal cord injury. The review was performed using data obtained from the MEDLINE, CINAHL, SciELO, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, and PEDro databases using the following keywords: quality of life; functional independence; autonomy; independence; physical activity; activities of daily living; physical exercise; tetraplegia; paraplegia; spinal cord injury; physical disabilities; and wheelchair. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Although there was a lack of consensus among the selected studies, the majority of them presented a strong correlation between physical activity and variables of quality of life and/or functional independence. Thus, physical activity appears to have an important influence on social relationships, functional independence, psychological factors, and physical aspects, which can enhance quality of life and independence in the performance of daily activities.

A study of burden of care and its correlates among family members supporting relatives and loved ones with traumatic spinal cord injuries

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 948-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmina Castellano-Tejedor ◽  
Pilar Lusilla-Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Burden Of Care ◽  
Zarit Burden Interview ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Future

Objective: To understand and describe in a sample of caregivers of persons with spinal cord injury, their burden of care, resilience and life satisfaction and to explore the relationship between these variables. Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: One Spinal Cord Injury Acute Inpatient Unit from a general hospital. Subjects: Seventy-five relatives of persons with spinal cord injuries (84% women) with a mean age of 48.55 ( SD = 12.55) years. Interventions: None. Measures: Demographics (neurological loss and severity according to the American Spinal Injury Association criteria), the Zarit Burden Interview, the Resilience Scale and the Life Satisfaction Checklist. Results: All caregivers experienced feelings of different intensities of burden (52% mild-to-moderate, 43% moderate-to-severe and 5% severe), and none of them expressed little or no burden at the assessment moment. Caregivers’ main worries were “dependence” and “the future of the injured.” Resilience was medium-to-high (mean = 141.93, SD = 23.44) for the whole sample with just a minority of them revealing low (15%) or very low resilience (7%). The highest scores were obtained in relation to “caregivers’ independence” and “meaning of their lives.” Life satisfaction scores were medium-to-high (mean = 36.6, SD = 6). These scores were not related to demographics or the severity of the injury. Zarit Burden Interview scores were negatively correlated to Resilience Scale ( r = −.370, P = .001) and Life Satisfaction Checklist scores ( r = −.412, P < .001). Conclusion: More resilient and satisfied caregivers experienced lower burden. Burden is moderate-to-high and mainly related to uncertainty about the future, caregivers’ insecurity with caregiving and dependence of the injured.

Neurological prognosis after traumatic quadriplegia

1979 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Maynard ◽  
Glenn G. Reynolds ◽  
Steven Fountain ◽  
Conal Wilmot ◽  
Richard Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Gunshot Wounds ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cord Injury

✓ Between January, 1974, and December, 1976, 123 patients with traumatic quadriplegia were admitted to the California Regional Spinal Cord Injury Care System. The spinal cord injury resulted from gunshot wounds in five, from a stab wound in one, from neck injuries with no bone damage seen on x-ray studies in 10, and from fracture dislocations of the cervical spine in 107. One-year follow-up information was available on 114 patients. Neurological impairment using the Frankel classification system was compared at 72 hours postinjury to the 1-year follow-up examination. Fifty of 62 patients with complete injury at 72 hours were unchanged at 1 year. Five of these 62 patients had developed motor useful function in the legs or became ambulatory by 1 year, but all had sustained serious head injuries at the time of their trauma making initial neurological assessment unreliable. Ten percent of all cases had combined head injury impairing consciousness. Among 103 cognitively intact patients, none with complete injury at 72 hours were walking at 1 year. Of patients with sensory incomplete function at 72 hours postinjury, 47% were walking at 1 year; 87% of patients with motor incomplete function at 72 hours postinjury were walking at 1 year. Spinal surgery during the first 4 weeks postinjury did not improve neurological recovery. A method of analyzing neurological and functional outcomes of spinal cord injury is presented in order to more accurately evaluate the results of future treatment protocols for acute spinal injury.

Pediatric spinal injury: the very young

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Ruge ◽  
Grant P. Sinson ◽  
David G. McLone ◽  
Leonard J. Cerullo
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cord Injury

✓ Maturity of the spine and spine-supporting structures is an important variable distinguishing spinal cord injuries in children from those in adults. Cinical data are presented from 71 children aged 12 years or younger who constituted 2.7% of 2598 spinal cord-injured patients admitted to the authors' institutions from June, 1972, to June, 1986. The 47 children with traumatic spinal cord injury averaged 6.9 years of age and included 20 girls (43%). The etiology of the pediatric injuries differed from that of adult injuries in that falls were the most common causative factor (38%) followed by automobile-related injuries (20%). Ten children (21.3%) had spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA), whereas 27 (57%) had evidence of neurological injury. Complete neurological injury was seen in 19% of all traumatic pediatric spinal cord injuries and in 40% of those with SCIWORA. The most frequent level of spinal injury was C-2 (27%, 15 cases) followed by T-10 (13%, seven cases). Upon statistical examination of the data, a subpopulation of children aged 3 years or younger emerged. These very young children had a significant difference in level of injury, requirement for surgical stability, and sex distribution compared to 4- to 12-year-old children.

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