Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross No. IV.—Descriptions of new species of fishes collected at the Galapagos Islands and along the coast of the United States of Colombia, 1887-'88

While the negotiations between the United States and Ecuador in the period 1909 to 1913 came to no fruitful conclusion, they still remain a subject of interest because in microcosm they illustrate so well how the Department of State operated in the Taft administration. The negotiations embraced all the standard considerations: strategy, vested American interests, projected loans, power politics, and “ up-lift.” The Department's interest in Ecuador quickened in this period because Ecuador owned the Galápagos Islands, an archipelago which lay six hundred miles off the coast of Ecuador and about one thousand miles southwest of the Isthmus of Panama, where the canal was under construction.

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Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. No. XXIII.—Report on the Actiniae collected by the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross during the winter of 1887-1888

Proceedings of the United States National Museum ◽

10.5479/si.00963801.16-930.119 ◽

1893 ◽

Vol 16 (930) ◽

pp. 119-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

J. P. McMurrich

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Scientific Results ◽

Fish Commission

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Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals the Presence of the blaCTX-M-65 Gene in Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing and Multi-Drug-Resistant Clones of Salmonella Serovar Infantis Isolated from Broiler Chicken Environments in the Galapagos Islands

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10030267 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 267

Author(s):

Elton Burnett ◽

Maria Ishida ◽

Sofia de Janon ◽

Sohail Naushad ◽

Marc-Olivier Duceppe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Whole Genome Sequencing ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

The United States ◽

Galapagos Islands ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Galápagos Islands ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Surveillance Programs

Salmonella Infantis, a common contaminant of poultry products, is known to harbor mobile genetic elements that confer multi-drug resistance (MDR) and have been detected in many continents. Here, we report four MDR S. Infantis strains recovered from poultry house environments in Santa Cruz Island of the Galapagos showing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) resistance and reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed the presence of the ESBL-conferring blaCTX-M-65 gene in an IncFIB-like plasmid in three S. Infantis isolates. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and single nucleotide variant/polymorphism (SNP) SNVPhyl analysis showed that the S. Infantis isolates belong to sequence type ST32, likely share a common ancestor, and are closely related (1–3 SNP difference) to blaCTX-M-65-containing clinical and veterinary S. Infantis isolates from the United States and Latin America. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of SNPs following core-genome alignment (i.e., ParSNP) inferred close relatedness between the S. Infantis isolates from Galapagos and the United States. Prophage typing confirmed the close relationship among the Galapagos S. Infantis and was useful in distinguishing them from the United States isolates. This is the first report of MDR blaCTX-M-65-containing S. Infantis in the Galapagos Islands and highlights the need for increased monitoring and surveillance programs to determine prevalence, sources, and reservoirs of MDR pathogens.

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