scholarly journals An historical, geographical, commercial, and philosophical view of the United States of America, and of the European settlements in America and the West-Indies.

Author(s):  
William Winterbotham
Author(s):  
Emma Macleod

This chapter examines British radical attitudes towards America during the 1790s by taking up the case of William Winterbotham, a Plymouth Baptist preacher who was jailed in Newgate prison for four years (1793–1797) for allegedly seditious content in two sermons he preached in November 1792. Winterbotham's most ambitious work was An Historical, Geographical, Commercial, and Philosophical View of the American United States, published in four volumes in 1795. It demonstrates the fascination that America held for British radicals beyond Thomas Paine, Joseph Priestley and Richard Price. Among his many concerns, Winterbotham was highly critical of the institution of chattel slavery. The chapter explores Winterbotham's political analysis of the new republic and shows that his imprisonment for seditious libel was bracketed by contemporaries with the more conspicuous 'martyrdom' of five men sentenced to transportation by the Scottish High Court of Justiciary.


Author(s):  
Craig L. Symonds

After 1820, the day-to-day duties of the United States Navy involved dealing with smugglers, pirates, and the illegal slave trade and so deploying the large ships of the line was deemed unnecessary. Also, the successful completion of treaties with both England and Spain demilitarized the Great Lakes and stabilized the country’s southern border, easing concerns about a future foreign war. ‘A constabulary navy: pirates, slavers, and manifest destiny (1820–1850)’ describes the peacetime navy activities carried out by small squadrons of sloops and schooners acting as a constabulary force on distant stations abroad, mainly in the Mediterranean, but also in the West Indies, off Africa, in the Pacific, off Brazil, and in the East.


Author(s):  
W. J. Rorabaugh

‘Drinking and temperance’ describes the history of alcohol consumption in the United States and the introduction of the temperance movement. From the earliest European settlers to the fighters of the Revolution, Americans were among the world’s heartiest drinkers, producing their own corn beer and importing rum from the West Indies. The British blockades during the war meant access to rum was lost. Americans began to distill whiskey from corn instead, which became the country’s patriotic drink. Problems associated with heavy drinking resulted in reformers creating the temperance movement, a cause that was then taken up by Protestant preachers. In the 1850s, evangelicals lobbied for statewide prohibition laws, but there was no viable system of enforcement.


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