The Pirates of Phoenicia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Carlen
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Wine Making

Roughly two thousand years later, a tribe of “middlemen and merchants” transformed a small strip of land in modern-day Lebanon into the hub of intercontinental trade. Considered one of the ancient world’s most entrepreneurial and inventive cultures, the merchant-sailors of Phoenicia connected Africa, Europe, and Asia Minor into a network of trade so vast and profitable that their success was marveled at by Ezekiel and other authors of the Old Testament. The chapter also highlights more recent discoveries pertaining to this vanished civilization of seaborne merchants, such as its conversion of a sparsely populated Sicilian island into the site of a thriving wine-making and trading industry.

scholarly journals The Historical Connections of the Hittites

1889 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 41-65
Author(s):  
C. R. Conder
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Hebrew Scriptures ◽  
Historical Accuracy ◽  
The Subject

The subject for your consideration in the present paper is one which has recently attracted attention, and which is of necessity destined to arouse controversy. I do not desire to weary you with dry details which must be carefully investigated and verified, or to make any reply to adverse criticisms, which as yet have served to show that the most careful demonstration of every point in a new thesis is required by modern scholarship. There are three separate questions to be considered, each of which might demand a volume by itself, and each of which might be independently considered. First, who were the Hittites? What do we know about them, and what bearing has such knowledge on general questions of history and ethnology? Secondly, what are the hieroglyphic texts of Northern Syria and Asia Minor? Is there any reason to suppose that all or any of them are the work of Hittites? and how are they to be deciphered? Third, what bearing have the two preceding studies on the Old Testament historical notices of the Hittites? Do they serve to support the general historical accuracy of the Hebrew Scriptures, or the reverse? I propose to confine my remarks in this paper chiefly to the first of these questions. The second has less bearing on history, and requires a great amount of study yet to lead to a solution.

scholarly journals Parallelisms and revelatory concepts of the Johannine Prologue in Greco-Roman context

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benno Zuiddam
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Fourth Gospel ◽  
Wisdom Literature ◽  
Central Concept ◽  
John 1 ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Parallel Structures ◽  
John's Gospel

This article builds on the increasing recognition of divine communication and God’s plan as a central concept in the prologue to the Fourth gospel. A philological analysis reveals parallel structures with an emphasis on divine communication in which the Logos takes a central part. These should be understood within the context of this gospel, but have their roots in the Old Testament. The Septuagint offers parallel concepts, particularly in its wisdom literature. Apart from these derivative parallels, the revelatory concepts and terminology involved in John 1:1–18, also find functional parallels in the historical environment of the fourth gospel. They share similarities with the role of Apollo Phoebus in the traditionally assigned geographical context of the region of Ephesus in Asia Minor. This functional parallelism served the reception of John’s biblical message in a Greco-Roman cultural setting.Keywords: John's Gospel; Apollo Phoebus; Logos; Revelation; Ephesus

‘Enterprise Values’ in the New Testament and Antecedent Works

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd ◽  
George Gotsis
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Profit Motive ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Individual Property ◽  
Jesus Movement ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Property Holding

This paper contributes to the debate about religion and enterprise by analysing proto-Christianity's theology of enterprise values. It shows that the Galilean Jesus Movement (from around AD 24–30) exhibited considerable hostility to the pursuit of wealth, and that this stance became more pronounced still for the post-crucifixion Jerusalem Love Community (around AD 27–66), which also rejected individual property holding and labour. The Pauline school, which commenced with Paul's missionary journeys to Asia Minor in the late AD 40s, began the process of sanctifying labour. Nevertheless, a pronounced suspicion of the profit motive, and of a concern for trade, can be seen throughout the New Testament, in common with many of the antecedent Ancient Greek and Old Testament works by which it is influenced.

scholarly journals ‘Retrodiction’ of the Old Testament in the New: The case of Deuteronomy 21:23 in Paul’s Letter to the Galatians and the crucifixion of Yehoshua ben Yoseph

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert J. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
Term Prediction ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Jewish Scriptures ◽  
The Law

The fact that the New Testament authors often referred or alluded to, or quoted from their Scriptures (roughly what is known today as ‘the OT’), and then very often linked those quotations, references, and allusions from their Jewish Scriptures to the Christ-event, has led to the viewpoint of some that ‘Christ is found in the OT’ – that is, that the OT prophesised about the events that took place regarding the person, Jesus of Nazareth. It is the intention of this contribution to confirm the position of mainstream biblical scholarship that the Old Testament does not predict the events surrounding Jesus of Nazareth, but that the New Testament writers interpreted the Jesus-events in hindsight in the light of the Scriptures of Israel. The current study attempts to firstly unfold the meta-narrative of the New Testament in five acts. Against the backdrop of the last of these acts, the case of the crucifixion of Jesus as interpreted by Paul to the early Christians in Galatia receives particular attention. It is argued that Paul’s presentation of the crucifixion in Galatians – as based on Deuteronomy 21:23 – is done retrodictively to portray Yehoshua ben Yoseph as liberator of the law in Asia Minor. This study proposes the coinage of a new term in canonical biblical scholarship, namely the term ‘retrodiction’ – in opposition to the term ‘prediction’.

Perseus and the Achaeans in the Hittite Tablets

1925 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-163
Author(s):  
A. H. Sayce
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
First Year ◽  
The South ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Western Side

Dr. Forrer's discovery of the Achaeans in the Hittite cuneiform tablets of Boghaz Keui is now well known to classical scholars. His identification of them with the Hittite Akhkhiyawas is beyond question, and I am inclined to think that Dr. Cowley has made a happy suggestion in further identifying them with the Hivites (Ha-Khiwwî) of the Old Testament. On the other hand, the identification of the Akhkhiyan chieftain Attarassiyas (also written Attarsiyas) with the Homeric Atreus is phonetically impossible; nor would the date of Attarsiyas agree with that usually assigned by tradition to Atreus.About 1250 B.C. Attarsiyas the kuirwanas or κοίρανος of the Akhkhiyawa came from the western side of Asia Minor with a fleet of 100 ships to the Pamphylian coast (hardly the Karian, as Forrer proposes). He had previously driven a tributary of the Hittite king, by name Madduwattas, from his dominions in the south-western part of Asia Minor; Dudkhaliyas III, however, the Hittite monarch, had restored the latter, but on the death of Dudkhaliyas, and in the first year of the reign of his successor, Arnuwandas, Attarsiyas made another attack, this time by sea, and again compelled Madduwattas to solicit help from his suzerain.

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