Wu and Sprung (Phys. Rev. E, 48, 2595 (1993)) reproduced the first 500 nontrivial Riemann zeros, using a one-dimensional local potential model. They concluded — as did van Zyl and Hutchinson (Phys. Rev. E, 67, 066211 (2003)) — that the potential possesses a fractal structure of dimension d = 3/2. We model the nonsmooth fluctuating part of the potential by the alternating-sign sine series fractal of Berry and Lewis A(x,γ). Setting d = 3/2, we estimate the frequency parameter (γ), plus an overall scaling parameter (σ) that we introduce. We search for that pair of parameters (γ,σ) that minimizes the least-squares fit Sn(γ,σ) of the lowest n eigenvalues — obtained by solving the one-dimensional stationary (nonfractal) Schrodinger equation with the trial potential (smooth plus nonsmooth parts) — to the lowest n Riemann zeros for n = 25. For the additional cases, we study, n = 50 and 75, we simply set σ = 1. The fits obtained are compared to those found by using just the smooth part of the Wu–Sprung potential without any fractal supplementation. Some limited improvement — 5.7261 versus 6.392 07 (n = 25), 11.2672 versus 11.7002 (n = 50), and 16.3119 versus 16.6809 (n = 75) — is found in our (nonoptimized, computationally bound) search procedures. The improvements are relatively strong in the vicinities of γ = 3 and (its square) 9. Further, we extend the Wu-Sprung semiclassical framework to include higher order corrections from the Riemann–von Mangoldt formula (beyond the leading, dominant term) into the smooth potential. PACS Nos.: 02.10.De, 03.65.Sq, 05.45.Df, 05.45.Mt
Sine Series Optimization with MOEA Framework
