USING WBE CONJUNCTION WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL NOISE TO EVALUATE THE CORROSION REGULARITY OF ENAMEL COATING MODIFIED ON MILD STEEL IMMERSED IN CORROSIVE SOLUTION

In this paper, the development and the formation of the mild steel immersed in seawater that covered with enamel coating are investigated. The wire beam electrode (WBE) was applied to evaluate pitting corrosion and local inhomogeneous corrosion that happened on the coated surface of metal substrate. This method can obtain Maps that can show corrosion potential and galvanic current distributions and the specific values can be calculated from the WBE surface that was covered by enamel coating. Corrosion potential–current and electrochemical noise were successfully measured by using a WBE scanner and electrochemical workstation. This new linkage-test method means that the combined WBE-[Formula: see text] has ability to characterize and analysis the process of enamel coating failing more accurately [Ref. 1; Ref. 2; Ref. 3; Ref. 4]. To some extent, the method can also predict the tendency and location of corrosion occurring. It was found that the coating has a good protective effect on the surface of the metal substrate because the corrosion potential is very positive and the corrosion current is very small. At the same time, in the course of the test, the distribution of the anode current is heterogeneous, as time increases, the original single anode current region gradually expands and is connected with the other anode regions in the final. In addition, corrosion often occurs at the boundary of the electrode (WBE) and then to the central area.

Meso-Alpha Scale Tropospheric Interactions within the Western Mediterranean Basin: Statistical Results Using 15-Year NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Dataset

After a 15-year average of the reanalyses meteorological data provided by NCEP/NCAR, this paper shows the mean seasonal evolution, between April and October, of the tropospheric dynamics in the Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB). As shown in this paper, it is the result of the meso-alpha interaction between the daily oscillation of coastal thermally driven circulations around the basin and the daily pulsation of sinking speeds over areas of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, from the 15-year average, a statistically significant correlation has been found between these processes (the daily oscillation of sea breezes and the daily pulsation of subsidence/convergence on the WMB). The quantification of this persistent link between these tropospheric processes elucidates their teleconnection at the meso-alpha scale and the seasonal evolution of the strength of this linkage. Test statistics are greater than critical values for the 5% significance level of the F-distribution. Besides, we have estimated a generalised diurnal compensatory subsidence over the Western Mediterranean Sea with a maximum mean sinking (subsidence) motion of up to −0.2 cm/s at 18:00 h UTC and 1000 hPa and a nocturnal generalised mean upward (convergence) motion of up to 0.05 cm/s at 00:00 h UTC and 1000 hPa.

Combined Association and Linkage Analysis for General Pedigrees and Genetic Models

A combined score test for association and linkage analysis is introduced, based on a biologically plausible model with association between markers and causal genes and penetrance between phenotypes and the causal gene. The test is based on a retrospective likelihood of marker data given phenotypes, treating the alleles of the causal gene as hidden data. It is defined for arbitrary outbred pedigrees, a wide class of genetic models including polygenic and shared environmental effects and allows for missing marker data. It is multipoint, taking marker genotypes from several loci into account simultaneously. The score vector has one association and one linkage component, which can be used to define separate tests for association and linkage. For complete marker data, we give closed form expressions for the efficiency of the linkage, association and combined tests. These are examplified for binary and quantitative phenotypes with or without polygenic effects. The conclusion is that association tests are comparatively more efficient than linkage tests for strong association, weak penetrance models, small families and non-extreme phenotypes, whereas the linkage test is more efficient for weak association, strong penetrance models, large families and extreme phenotypes. The combined test is a robust alternative, which never performs much worse than the best of the linkage and association tests, and sometimes significantly better than both of them. It should be particularly useful when little is known about the genetic model.

Evidence for the genetic role of human leukocyte antigens in low frequency DRBI*1501 multiple sclerosis patients in Israel

A strong association exist between m ultiple sclerosis (MS) and the DRB1 *1SO 1 haplotype, in most populations. Linkage of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) with the MHC or HLA region on chromosome 6p2I has previously been observed in DRBI*1SO positive MS families. A group of 13 Israeli multiplex MS families with a very low frequency of DRB 1*1SO1 haplotype were examined in this study. Association and a linkage test were performed in order to identify a non-DRB1*1SO effect of HLA on susceptibility for MS. MS multiplex families and healthy controls were molecularly typed for six highly polymorphic markers located within the MHC region: DRBS, DQAI and DQBI, BAT-2, MIB and D65248. Dta analyses included: (a) an association study comparing the patient group with both healthy relative, and healthy control groups (b) a transmission test for linkage disequilibrium (TDT) of the MS-associated alleles in the multiplex families, and (c) multipoint non-parametric linkage (NPL) and parametric LOD score analyses using the GENEHUNTER program. The DRBI * 1303 allele was significandy more frequent among the MS patiens There was a trend towards transmission disequilibrium of DRBS *1303, but was not statistically significant. Allele sharing and LOD score analyses revealed no evidence for linkage. The high frequency of DRBI * 1303 observed in our family patient provides evidence to support the association with this allele that previously described in sporadic non-Ashkenazi MS patiens Th us, DRBI * 1303 may serve as genetic risk factor for MS. Our study exemplifies the genetic heterogeneity in MS as there is a genetic effect of HLA on MS susceptibility in our low frequency DRBS*1SO0 patient.