Discussion on operation flexibility of Zhonggui natural gas pipeline

Zhongwei station of West to east natural gas pipeline is connected to the north of Zhonggui line, and Guiyang station of China-Myanmar natural gas pipeline is connected to the south, which has important strategic significance in Southwest China. At present, the tie line mainly carries out gas transmission from Zhongwei to Guiyang. Only some pipeline sections and offload stations have reverse transmission function, while all compressor stations have no reverse transmission and pressurization function. In order to evaluate the flexibility of the operation of the Zhonggui line and give some suggestions for the preliminary reconstruction, this paper uses the SPS software to establish the pipeline model and simulate the specific working conditions, focusing on the two working conditions of the intermediate station injection forward transmission and the whole line reverse transmission. Through the simulation, we can get the following conclusions: 1. When the intermediate station injects forward gas transmission, which compressor station, gas transmission range and joint operation condition with China-Myanmar line need to be started for Zhonggui line; 2. When the whole tie line is reversed, it is necessary to change the location of the compressor station with the function of reverse transmission and pressurization. Through this study, we can give some reference and evaluation opinions on the lack of flexibility of the current tie line, and also give some reference opinions on the specific implementation of the improvement of the tie line operation flexibility in the future.

Programmable Integrated Photonics for Classical Applications

Programmable photonics can also be applied to classical systems. While these systems rely mainly on pure fixed application-specific photonic circuits, the advantages of programmability are decisive when systems grow in complexity. This chapter reviews application areas where programmable photonics can enable technology: optical switching interconnection and routing to provide myriad powerful solutions that encompass broadcasting and wavelength selective operation; artificial intelligence (AI) and neurocomputing to enables the implementation of reconfigurable analogue cores required for the operation of neural networks and neurophotonic systems. Microwave and analogue photonics are particularly appealing areas which require substantial cost reductions and broadband operation flexibility simultaneous with most of the required functionalities in a single chip, which span 5G communications, satellite payloads, electromagnetic and photonic radar, Internet of Things and autonomous driving. Finally, it covers optical signal processing, including examples in signal filtering and sensing, controllable Talbot effect and more speculative futuristic applications, e.g. synthetic domains.

ANALISIS PENGARUH BIAYA OPERASIONAL PADA PERUSAHAAN PENERBANGAN NASIONAL

Summarized Indonesian airline executive views on the reason for the cost problem in mayor airline and on the potential areas and measures of cost reduction in airline operation. Present an introduction survey where 3 executives from 3 Indonesian airlines were respondent. In the executive opinion the cost problem in mayor Indonesian airline is primarily due to fuel and oil pricing and money currency. Of the various function in airline maintenance was seen as least cost efficiency, whereas flight operation was seen as an area with most potential for cost reduction. Indonesian airline had made route and fleet changes after the beginning of 2011 to reduce cost, concludes from the analisys result having privatization would be an important step towards more efficient airline operation. Flexibility from Indonesian airline regulatory would be very much welcome and the value chain concept to improve Indonesian airline having competitive adventage and cost leadership differentiation