A multiscale stratigraphic investigation of the context of StW 573 ‘Little Foot’ and Member 2, Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa

The Sterkfontein Caves has an 80 year history of yielding remarkable evidence of hominin evolution and is currently the world’s richest Australopithecus-beafing site. Included in Sterkfontein’s hominin assemblage is StW 573 (‘Little Foot’). Discovered in the Member 2 deposit in the Silberberg Grotto, StW 573 represents the most complete Australopithecus skeleton yet found. Because of its importance to the fossil hominin record, the geological age of Little Foot has been the subject of significant debate. Two main hypotheses have been proposed regarding the formation and age of Member 2 and by association StW 573. The first, proposes that Member 2 formed relatively rapidly, starting to accumulate at around 2.8 million years ago and that the unit is isolated to the Silberberg Grotto - the underlying chambers and passages forming later. The second proposes that Member 2 formed slowly, its accumulation starting before 3.67 million years ago and that the deposit extends into the Milner Hall and close to the base of the cave system. Both assume a primary association between StW 573 and Member 2, although which sediments in the Silberberg Grotto are associated with Member 2 has also been questioned. Recently a third alternative hypothesis questioning the association of StW 573 to Member 2 sediments proposed a ‘two-stage burial scenario’ in which sediments associated with StW 573 represent a secondary and mixed-age deposit reworked from a higher cave. The stratigraphic and sedimentological implications of these hypotheses are tested here through the application of a multiscale investigation of Member 2, with reference to the taphonomy of the Little Foot skeleton. The complete infilling sequence of Member 2 is described and depositional units are tracked across all exposures of the deposit in the Silberberg Grotto and into the Milner Hall. Facies development follows patterns characteristic of colluvially accumulated taluses with 30-40° angles of repose developing coarser distal facies. Sediments are generally stratified and conformably deposited in a sequence of silty sands eroded from well-developed lateritic soils on the landscape surface. Voids, clasts and bioclasts are organized consistently across and through Member 2 according to the underlying deposit geometry, indicating a gradual deposit accretion with no distinct collapse facies evident, no successive debris flow accumulation, and only localized intra-unit post- depositional modification. The stratigraphy and sedimentology of Member 2 supports a simple single-stage accumulation process through which Member 2 partially fills the Silberberg Grotto and extends into the deeper chambers and passages of the Sterkfontein Caves. Through this work we demonstrate at multiple scales the primary association between the sediments of Member 2 and the StW 573 ‘Little Foot’ skeleton.

Tarsal functions, movement, and stabilization mechanisms in foot, ankle, and leg performance

The authors investigated the function of the tarsus and the skeletal segments of the foot in terms of the biomechanical significance of the individual links of the foot-ankle-leg complex. A performance model based on pressure-washed trabecular systems and the interface of the different segments making up the articular foot skeleton is presented and discussed. The biomechanical influence of these segments on each other and on their appendicular companion bones is assessed, and an explanation of their function is provided.

“Os Post Peronei” and the Posterolateral Nutcracker Impingement Syndrome

Impingement syndromes have been described in relation to accessory or anomalous bony additions to the foot skeleton. We describe a hitherto undescribed accessory bone in the hindfoot causing posterolateral impingement in a 28-year-old woman.