The principles, definition and dimensions of the new nutrition science

ObjectiveTo specify the principles, definition and dimensions of the new nutrition science.PurposeTo identify nutrition, with its application in food and nutrition policy, as a science with great width and breadth of vision and scope, in order that it can fully contribute to the preservation, maintenance, development and sustenance of life on Earth.MethodA brief overview shows that current conventional nutrition is defined as a biological science, although its governing and guiding principles are implicit only, and no generally agreed definition is evident. Following are agreements on the principles, definition and dimensions of the new nutrition science, made by the authors as participants at a workshop on this theme held on 5–8 April 2005 at the Schloss Rauischholzhausen, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.ResultNutrition science as here specified will retain its current [classical] identity as a biological science, within a broader and integrated conceptual framework, and will also be confirmed as a social and environmental science. As such it will be concerned with personal and population health, and with planetary health – the welfare and future of the whole physical and living world of which humans are a part.

A NEW SPECIES OF NEUROCORDULIA (ODONATA: ANISOPTERA: CORDULIIDAE) FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

The new species Neurocordulia michaelisp.nov. from New Brunswick and Maine differs from other northeastern species in the genus in its short mesotibial keel and from all congeners in the great width of its abdomen. The species is obligate crepuscular and can be locally abundant at its riverine habitat. Larvae of the species have the lowest dorsal spines in the genus and cling to the underside of rocks in rapids.

Atlantic Gulfs, Estuaries, and Cliffs

The morvan theory with slight modification fits the structure of the coasts of south-western Britain better than the fault theory of Atlantic coasts advanced by Suess.The English Channel and St. George's Channel have been long in existence, and are more probably of tectonic than erosional origin.Erosional deepening of the valleys which were drowned by the Flandrian transgression to become estuaries must have taken place almost entirely in glacial ages when the level of the ocean has been low. The tempo of coastal erosion, both subaerial and marine, has been rather slow, however, owing to the great width of the continental shelf. Thus shoreline details survive from an interglacial age.In regions with a narrower continental shelf, deepening and also extensive enlargement of valleys across coastal lands have taken place in each glacial age of low ocean level, and interglacial aggradations have determined terrace levels at consistent heights in the inland valleys of large rivers, as exemplified in Portugal.The cliffs of Cornwall and Wales show traces of two cycles or marine retrogradation separated by a withdrawal of the sea. Thus the “bevel”, or “coastal slope” above modem cliffs can be accounted for as an ancient sea-cliff graded subaerially during the period of low ocean level.

New Trilobites from Girvan

Five new trilobites from the Girvan district are recorded and described. A new Proetus is remarkable for the great width of the anterior shield, the squat glabella, and the great length of the genal spines. Another small proetid is referred to Kegel's subgenus Cyphoproetus. The genus Asaphus is rare in the Girvan district, and beyond a thorax and an incomplete anterior shield from the Drummuck Group of Lady Burn (Ashgillian) the only record appears to be of three species of Asaphus (Isotelus) from the Balclatchie Group. Recently three pygidia of Asaphus, which may be referrable to Raymond's doubtful genus Homotelus, have been found in the Orthis confinis beds at Minuntion, Barr Series (Caradoc) The most interesting find is probably a new species of the hitherto monospecific genus Teratorhynchus.

The Structure of Oncograptus T. S. Hall

The genus Oncograptus was founded by T. S. Hall (1914, p. 109) with the species Oncograptus upsilon T. S. Hall as type. The original definition reads: “Hydrosome at first biserial, but later dividing into two uniserial branches. Thecae long, narrow, and slightly curved. The form of the genus is quite different from that of any other graptolite. The form of the thecae and the great width of the branches seem to remove it from the Dicranograptidae.” In the same description Hall remarks upon the resemblance of the thecae to those of Isograptus (Didymograptus) caduceus, and observes that concrescence of the branches of D. caduceus would result in the formation of a rhabdosome “somewhat similar” to Oncograptus.

The significance of an achondroplasia-like condition met with in cattle

The Dexter is a breed of the smallest cattle in Great Britain. Formerly it was indigenous to the south and south-western districts of Ireland, but of late years it has become increasingly popular in England. Its general appearance, as defined in the terms of the standard of excellence laid down in the Kerry and Dexter Herdbook, is as follows:— Head short and broad, with great width between the eyes and tapering gracefully towards the muzzle which should be large with wide distended nostrils. Eyes bright, prominent, and of a kind and placid expression. Neck short, thick, and deep, and well set into the shoulders, which, when viewed in front, should be wide, showing thickness through the heart, the breast coming well forward.

Note on opalescence in fluids near the critical temperature

The phenomenon of opalescence at and near the critical temperature has been observed by Travers and Usher under exceptionally favourable conditions, owing to the great width (8 to 10 mm. internal diameter) of the tubes they employed. The opalescence is, however, distinctly visible, and can be studied in much narrower tubes, such as those (0·15 mm. internal diameter) used in my own investigations. The experiments of Travers and Usher were carried out, for the most part, in such a manner that the total volume of the substance investigated remained constant, while the temperature rose very slowly. In my experiments, on the other hand, the substance was kept at its critical temperature, and the volume was altered (usually diminished) by equal stages. The opalescence was always seen, but notes of its position and character were only made with a few substances—isopentane and normal pentane, hexane, and octane.