Heterotopic Heritage in Hong Kong: Tai Kwun and Neo-Victorian Carceral Space

The prison is specifically identified by Michel Foucault in his essay, ‘Of Other Spaces’ (1967), as an exemplar of “heterotopias of deviation”. Reified in neo-Victorian production as a hegemonic space to be resisted, within which illicit desire, feminist politics, and alternate narratives, for example, flourish under harsh panoptic conditions, the prison nonetheless emerges as a counter-site to both nineteenth-century and contemporary social life. This article investigates the neo-Victorian prison museum that embodies several of Foucault’s heterotopic principles and traits from heterochronia to the dynamics of illusion, compensation/exclusion and inclusion that structure the relationship of heterotopic space to all space. Specifically, I explore the heritage site of the Central Police Station compound in Hong Kong, recently transformed into “Tai Kwun: the Centre for Heritage and the Arts”. Tai Kwun (“Big Station” in Cantonese) combines Victorian and contemporary architecture, carceral space, contemporary art, and postcolonial history to herald the transformation of Hong Kong into an international arts hub. Tai Kwun is an impressive example of neo-Victorian adaptive reuse, but its current status as a former prison, art museum, and heritage space complicates the celebratory aspects of heterotopia as counter-site. Instead, Tai Kwun’s spatial, historical, and financial arrangements emphasize the challenges that tourism, government funding, heritage, and the art industry pose for Foucault’s original definition of heterotopia and our conception of the politics of neo-Victorianism in the present.

The Thromboembolic Predictability of CHA2DS2-VASc Scores Using Different Echocardiographic Criteria for Congestive Heart Failure in Korean Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

The association between congestive heart failure (CHF) of the CHA2DS2-VASc scores and thromboembolic (TE) events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is a topic of debate due to conflicting results. As the importance of diastolic impairment in the occurrence of TE events is increasingly recognized, it is crucial to evaluate the predictive power of CHA2DS2-VASc scores with C criterion integrating diastolic parameters. We analyzed 4200 Korean nonvalvular AF patients (71 years of age, 59% men) to compare multiple echocardiographic definitions of CHF. Various guideline-suggested echocardiographic parameters for systolic or diastolic impairment, including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40%, the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (E/E’) ≥ 11, left atrial volume index > 34 mL/m2, and many others were tested for C criteria. Multivariate-adjusted Cox regression analysis showed that CHA2DS2-VASc score was an independent predictor for composite thromboembolic events only when CHF was defined as E/E’ ≥ 11 (hazard ratio, 1.26; p = 0.044) but not with other criteria including the original definition (hazard ratio, 1.10; p = 0.359). Our findings suggest that C criterion defined as diastolic impairment, such as E/E’ ≥ 11, may improve the predictive value of CHA2DS2-VASc scores.

The intercultural encounter as a communicative event subject to mediation

The aim of this article is to discuss the place and role of the intercultural encounter (IE) in communication and education, including in foreign language teaching. Firstly, I present the IE as a communicative event and define it using terms developed by ethnographers of speech (communication). Secondly, I discuss the concepts contained in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Companion Volume with New Descriptors (CEFR 2018) relating to the mediation of text, concepts, and communication, and present the original definition of mediation in intercultural contacts. That section emphasises that mediation does not only act as an intermediary facilitating the course of a communication event but also as an “understanding interview with oneself.” Next, I discuss theoretical concepts related to the IE, I describe it as a tool used in teaching and intercultural education, and I present a description of the IE by a student of the Teaching Polish as a Foreign/Second Language course at the University of Lodz. Finally, I analyse an example description of an IE and present preliminary conclusions on how to use IE descriptions in various educational contexts.

Will she stay or will she quit: determinants of career persistence and non-persistence amongst women workers of India's IT sector

PurposeThis study aims to identify demographic characteristics, personal attributes and attitudes and social support factors that adversely or favourably affect the likelihood of career persistence amongst women workers of the Indian IT sector.Design/methodology/approachThe research, grounded in the social cognitive career theory, analyses primary data collected from 850 women working in IT via a survey. Based on an original definition of career persistence, the sample was segregated into 427 persistent and 423 non-persistent women. Logistic regression was performed to test for the effect of various determinants on the likelihood of women being career persistent versus non-persistent.FindingsBeing married, having children, as well as high levels of belief in gender disadvantage and work–family conflict lowered the likelihood of career persistence amongst women. While being a manager, possessing high career identity, high occupational culture fit, positive psychological capital and family support boost the likelihood.Originality/valueThe study examines women's actual continuance in an IT career vis-à-vis exit from the workforce/IT field, rather than women's stated intent to persist/quit as previously investigated. It uses logistic regression to identify both hurdles and aids on the path of women's career persistence. The findings can help recognize women more likely to struggle, thus be a first step in targeted organizational interventions to plug a leaky talent pipeline.

Language education from a post-native-speakerist perspective: The case of English as an international language

Language education has traditionally been based on native-speakerism, which is defined in the present article, by simplifying Hollidays original definition, as a belief in the authority or superiority of native speakers. With the prevalence of native-speakerism, it tends to be taken for granted that non-native speakers should strive to accommodate themselves to native speaker models. However, in todays globalized world, such a conventional attitude is quickly becoming outdated. Above all, a most serious problem with native-speakerism is that it suppresses the freedom of thought and expression as fundamental human rights. Drawing on the case of English as an international language, this study aims to analyze the need for post-native-speakerism (a term attributed to Houghton and Hashimoto) in language teaching, or the need for relativizing native speaker norms for language learners. After illustrating major issues of native-speakerism, three theoretical paradigms for post-native-speakerism in global Englishes are presented, namely EIL (English as an International Language), WE (World Englishes), and ELF (English as a Lingua Franca), along with a prospect for integrating those different frameworks especially for pedagogical purposes. Then, educational objectives are summarized in terms of language skills, followed by the authors own examples of teaching methodologies and actual classroom practices in higher education. Several key concepts for EIL education emerge from these pedagogical efforts, including authenticity and critical literacy. In view of the urge to embrace diversity in the world today, this paper argues that post-native-speakerism is of vital importance as it allows language users to express their true selves in global communication. While many of the discussions in the present article stem from linguacultural and educational situations in Japan, it is assumed that the insights should often be applicable also to other Expanding Circle, or EFL (English as a Foreign Language), countries such as Russia and China.

Import of goods of information and communication infrastructure in the context of customs services

Subject. The article updates the issue of information security associated with the extremely intense import of goods of information and communication infrastructure (ICT) and low volume of production of similar goods in the Russian Federation. Objectives. The aim is to develop principles of formation of customs tariff tools to regulate the import of ICT goods in the Russian Federation. Methods. The study employs the content analysis of existing approaches to defining the customs service concept, and general scientific methods of research. Results. The paper presents a unique approach to the development of tools for customs tariff regulation of imports, formulates an original definition of customs service, highlights the contradiction between the current model of implementation of the escalation principle, established by the World Trade Organization, underpins the need to differentiate the rates of import customs duties for the said group of goods. Conclusions. Due to the current specifics of the use of customs and tariff instruments, not all of them are applicable as measures to regulate the import of ICT goods. Currently, the most effective tools for regulating the import of information and communication technology goods are the unified customs tariff and the commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity.

Dialectical and activity-based foundations for the modern original definition of science

The article is devoted to the actual problem of uncertainty in science. The work done not only contributes to the removal/solution of this modern problem, but also contributes to the theoretical understanding of the need for qualitative changes in the sphere of scientific activity, the most organic combination of theory with practice to form a new form of science, guaranteed to remove the global dangers and uncertainties of scientific and technological development. The author presents the basis for the formation of a modern, general definition of science, the absence of which indicates the presence of the above problem. The aim of the research is to give a modern general definition of science, making a serious step, if not to the final solution, then to a generally meaningful solution of this problem. In the authors opinion, all substantive elements necessary for forming a modern general definition of science have already been identified, but they are not structured. The methodological approach has a high importance in solving this problem, and the emphasis should be placed on dialectics, rather than formal logic. In dialectical methodology, it is necessary to refer to the theory of dialectical development from the abstract to the concrete, as well as the general theory of activity. The specificity of science is defined in the consistent disclosure of the content of science as knowledge, as individual-collective, internalist-externalist activity and as a sphere of social life. As a result of the analysis of these aspects the author comes to the initial, general and actual definition of science.

PP424 Piloting A Comprehensive Search For eHealth Definitions In The Grey Literature: Preliminary Results From A Systematic Scoping Review

IntroductionThe use of information technology within health systems has emerged over the years and the current pandemic has further catalyzed this development. As a result, various definitions of eHealth have emerged. Our objective was to provide an overview of definitions available on the internet to complement the traditional (“white”) literature search.MethodsWe adapted methodological guidelines from the Cochrane Handbook and management sciences to mirror the search in bibliographic databases. A comprehensive Google search was performed in July 2020 to retrieve uniform resource locators (URL's) of webpages containing terms for eHealth within four words of synonyms for the word “definition”. The DataScraper extension of the Google Chrome browser was used to collect all URL's. Webpages were eligible if they contained an original or adopted English-language definition of eHealth or contained a direct link to a definition or a document containing a definition. All document types were eligible. The analysis was performed 7 months after the data collection.ResultsOut of the 270 unique URL's, 37 (13.7%) were no longer accessible and 51 (18.9%) were links to academic publications (“white” literature). The language was not English for five webpages (1.9%) and 113 (41.9%) did not contain a definition of eHealth or other related terms. Other related terms were defined in 29 webpages (10.7%), among which “electronic health record” occurred most frequently (18/29, 62.1%). eHealth was defined in 35 (13.0%) webpages, out of which 45.7 percent (16/35) cited an existing source and 54.3 percent (19/35) provided an original definition.ConclusionsThe digital era raises both challenges and opportunities in conducting a grey literature search. We found that an augmented Google-based search can identify valuable references that traditional literature searches cannot detect. Term definitions (and their context) found in the grey versus bibliographic databases will be compared to assess their alignment with health economists perspectives.

Definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and long-term outcomes of extremely preterm infants in Korean Neonatal Network

New definitions for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have recently been suggested, and an accurate diagnosis, including severity classification with proper definition, is crucial to identify high-risk infants for appropriate interventions. To determine whether recently suggested BPD definitions can better predict long-term outcomes of BPD in extremely preterm infants (EPIs) than the original BPD definition, BPD was classified with severity 1, 2, and 3 using three different definitions: definition A (original), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) definition in 2001; definition B, the modified NICHD 2016 definition (graded by the oxygen concentration and the respiratory support at 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age [PMA]); and definition C, the modified Jensen 2019 definition (graded by the respiratory support at 36 weeks’ PMA). We evaluated 1050 EPIs using a national cohort. Whereas EPIs with grade 2 or 3 BPD as per definition A did not show any increase in the risk, EPIs with BPD diagnosed by definition B and C showed significantly increased risk for poor outcomes, such as respiratory mortality and morbidities, neurodevelopmental delay, and growth restriction at 18–24 months of corrected age. The recently suggested definition and severity grading better reflects long-term childhood morbidities than the original definition in EPIs.

Public Interests in Law: Concept and Content

The paper examines various approaches to defining the concept of "public interests", and carries out a comparative analysis of the positions of scientists regarding the content of this concept. The author distinguishes between the categories of "public interests", "state interests" and "public interests". The paper examines the judicial and law enforcement practice in cases in which public interests are affected. The author proves the need to develop a legal definition of the concept of "public interests" in order to increase the efficiency of the activities of Russian courts and other state bodies that ensure and protect these interests. The author offers his original definition of the concept of "public interests", highlights its features. The importance of consolidating in the legislation a single, universal for all branches of law, the definition of the category of "public interests" with the possibility of supplementing its content, taking into account the specifics of the subject of legal regulation, as well as the subject composition of the relevant legal relations.