A p-Adic Matter in a Closed Universe

In this paper, we introduce a new type of matter that has origin in p-adic strings, i.e., strings with a p-adic worldsheet. We investigate some properties of this p-adic matter, in particular its cosmological aspects. We start with crossing symmetric scattering amplitudes for p-adic open strings and related effective nonlocal and nonlinear Lagrangian which describes tachyon dynamics at the tree level. Then, we make a slight modification of this Lagrangian and obtain a new Lagrangian for non-tachyonic scalar field. Using this new Lagrangian in the weak field approximation as a matter in Einstein gravity with the cosmological constant, one obtains an exponentially expanding FLRW closed universe. At the end, we discuss the obtained results, i.e., computed mass of the scalar p-adic particle, estimated radius of related closed universe and noted p-adic matter as a possible candidate for dark matter.

Dietary Modification and Life Style Changes due to COVID-19 Pandemic Homestay among Nursing Students of Pokhara: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION: In December 2019, new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) emerged in Wuhan, China causing pandemic all over the world which results in homestay order. Homestay lead to changes in lifestyle like sedentary life, sleeping habits and eating behavior. So, the objective is to assess dietary and life style modification among nursing students of Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted from August 1 to October 15, 2020. The setting of study (Manipal) was selected purposively in which enumerative sampling technique was used constituting total sample size of 216 nursing students. Data was collected through self-administer semi-structure questionnaire via online mode which was further analyzed using descriptive statistics SPSS 20.0 version. RESULTS: There was slight modification in intake of food items like fruits, vegetable, protein, fats, commercialized items, carbonated/sweetened beverages and non-vegetarian diets (chicken and fish). During COVID-19, less than one-fifth (15%) wake up before 7 AM and 78.2% sleep duration is 7-9 hours. About 64.1% pass their leisure time watching TV/ facebook/ messenger/ youtube/ whatsapp/ instagram. Nearly 99.1% engaged in household activities during home stay. More than three-fourth (77.8%) of respondents were doing physical activity. But still 69.9% had weight gain. CONCLUSION: Despite physical and household activities, some unhealthy practices like waking up late, increased sleep duration and use of screen was observed. There was less modification in dietary pattern. So it is recommended to follow healthy diet like Mediterranean diet having several health benefits like weight reduction, prevention from non-communicable diseases and boost immune system in period of pandemic.

A Preliminary Study of Tumor Microenvironment Interleukin-4 as Promoter in Immune Escape Event in Prostate Cancer

Introduction : This study aims to investigate the relationship between IL-4 expression with Apoptosis-associated gene receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4) and Programmed Death-1 Ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) in the microenvironment of prostate cancer tissue.Methods : The samples were collected from single-center hospital in a period from 2014 to 2020. Deparaffinize formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and RNAs extraction by manufacturer’s protocol with slight modification was performed. The RNAs expressions were investigated by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Then we categorize them into 4 groups. The ANOVA test is used to compare mean expression between groups and followed by a correlation test using Pearson test.Result : In the BPH group sample, CTLA-4 had the highest expression level, followed by the expression of IL-4, PD-L2, then PD-1 and PD-L1. The concentration of IL-4 in prostate cancer, both metastatic and non-metastatic, is higher than in BPH, with a p-value of 0.006. the correlation between IL-4 and PD-L1 is the strongest (r=0.919), between IL-4 and PD-L2 comes the second (0.832) and between PD-1 is comes the third (r=0.626).Conclusion : In this study, we find that the expression of IL-4 and Apoptosis-Associated Gene Receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4) and Programmed Death-1 Ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) in the prostate cancer tissue microenvironment have a significant relationship. In conclusion, it is possible that IL-4 is a promoter of the Immune Escape mechanism in prostate cancer.

Co-Simulation and Modeling of PMSM Based on Ansys Software and Simulink for EVs

Electric vehicles (EVs) should have an electrical motor with high efficiency, high power density, and a wider constant power operating region, as well as ease of control and inexpensive manufacturing cost. To achieve these requirements, a real-time control-oriented electric motor model is essential. A co-simulation method based on Ansys software (Maxwell and Twin Builder) and MATLAB/Simulink for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) model is presented, which can improve the design of the PMSM and evaluate its performance by Rotating Machine Expert (RMxprt) when any slight modification of parameters and output inaccuracy occur. The PMSM drive system under different input reference speeds was analyzed by simulation, which testified that co-simulation of the magnetic and electrical domain is necessary to capture all applicable effects. The simulation results show the good feasibility of the motor model and control method, which achieves the desired effect and fast response with a small torque ripple as well. Such a developed prototype allows both accurate and simple characterization and optimization to be made possible.

Characterization of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder Extract Encapsulated in Maltodextrin and/or Gum Arabic Coatings

The encapsulation of bioactive-rich plant extracts is an effective method of preventing their damage or loss of activity during processing and storage. Here, the techno-functional properties of microcapsules developed from Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MoLP) extract (core) with maltodextrin (MD), gum Arabic (GA), and a combination (MDGA) (coatings) were assessed. The bulk and tap density were 0.177, 0.325 and 0.297 g/mL and 0.13, 0.295 and 0.259 g/mL for GA, MD and MDGA microcapsules, respectively. Flowability properties of microcapsules indicated an intermediate flow except for GA which had a poor flow. The moisture content of the microcapsules ranged from 1.47% to 1.77% with no significant differences (p > 0.05) observed. All the microcapsules had high water solubility (86.35% for GA to 98.74% for MD and 90.51% for MDGA). Thermogravimetric analyses revealed that encapsulation enhanced the thermal stability of the core material. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the microcapsules and extracts have an amorphous nature, which was validated by the surface morphology analysis that showed amorphous, irregular, and flake-like attributes except for MDGA microcapsules which had slightly spherical and agglomerated surfaces. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectra of the microcapsules showed the presence of C-O and O-H aromatic rings as well as amine groups. New spectra were observed at 1177, 1382 and 1411 cm−1 for MDGA, MD and GA, respectively, after encapsulation, which connotes a slight modification in the chemical structural pattern after encapsulation. Storage stability tests (28 days at 4, 25 and 40 °C) showed that the microcapsules were most stable at 4 °C and the stability differs significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with coating material type and temperature with MDGA showing better storage stability than others. Altogether, the attributes of the MDGA microcapsules were comparatively better than either MD or GA alone. The present data, therefore, demonstrate an effective encapsulation process for MoLP extract that can serve as fortificants in processed food products where MoLP may be used.

Scheduling and Power Control for Wireless Multicast Systems via Deep Reinforcement Learning

Multicasting in wireless systems is a natural way to exploit the redundancy in user requests in a content centric network. Power control and optimal scheduling can significantly improve the wireless multicast network’s performance under fading. However, the model-based approaches for power control and scheduling studied earlier are not scalable to large state spaces or changing system dynamics. In this paper, we use deep reinforcement learning, where we use function approximation of the Q-function via a deep neural network to obtain a power control policy that matches the optimal policy for a small network. We show that power control policy can be learned for reasonably large systems via this approach. Further, we use multi-timescale stochastic optimization to maintain the average power constraint. We demonstrate that a slight modification of the learning algorithm allows tracking of time varying system statistics. Finally, we extend the multi-time scale approach to simultaneously learn the optimal queuing strategy along with power control. We demonstrate the scalability, tracking and cross-layer optimization capabilities of our algorithms via simulations. The proposed multi-time scale approach can be used in general large state-space dynamical systems with multiple objectives and constraints, and may be of independent interest.

Can we make sense out of "Tensor Field Theory"?

We continue the constructive program about tensor field theory through the next natural model, namely the rank five tensor theory with quartic melonic interactions and propagator inverse of the Laplacian on \mathbf{U(1)^5}𝐔(1)5. We make a first step towards its construction by establishing its power counting, identifying the divergent graphs and performing a careful study of (a slight modification of) its RG flow. Thus we give strong evidence that this just renormalizable tensor field theory is non perturbatively asymptotically free.

Design and Manufacturing Optoelectronic Sensors for the Measurement of Refractive Index Changes under Unknown Polarization State

This article proposes a new method for detecting slight refractive index changes under conditions of unknown polarization state. It is argued that an insignificant modification of the tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) structure and selecting the appropriate spectral region allows us to accurately track changes in the refractive index. It has also been proven that the method can be easily made insensitive to temperature and that the sensitivity to changes in the polarization plane of the input light can be significantly reduced, which is crucial in later practical applications. Analytes in the form of an aqueous glucose solution were used to calibrate the sensor. The proposed method, based on perpendicular tilted fiber Bragg grating (P-TFBG), has a wide range of universality because its development and slight modification will enable the detection of glucose, pathogens, and viruses.

The Effects of a Group-based Intervention through Physical Activities and Diet in Young Patients with Serious Psychiatric Disorders: An Exploratory Study

Background and objectives: The present study aims to investigate the effect of the 4-F (Fit, Fun, Feel and Food) group-based program on physical, clinical and biological outcomes in young patients suffering from serious psychiatric disorders.Methods: To prevent weight gain and improve mental and physical health in young patients, we investigated in a naturalistic design, the effect of a group-based intervention through an exploratory study.Results: We observed that out of the 61 outpatients initially included in the program, 71% were overweight or obese. The 24 patients who completed the full program showed no significant decrease in weight or body composition. Our main findings were the significant improvement in muscular endurance as well as coordination from T0 (M=13.65, SD=±1.93) compared to T1 (M=12.49, SD= ±1.81), (t(20) = 3.072 p = <0.05) and the increase in the general mental well-being of these patients from baseline to the end of the program. According to the type of psychopathology, (F(3,10) = 4.25, p < .05), we also noticed a slight modification in eating behaviour with a tendency to decrease in the TFEQ hunger’s level.Conclusion: Despite the limitations, the findings of this exploratory study demonstrated that this program is feasible and resulted in better physical conditions with enhanced mental well-being in young patients suffering from psychiatric disorders, sedentary behaviour and unhealthy lifestyles. Further research is warranted in controlled and larger population samples to further our understanding of the effect of such interventions.

Materials based o tricalcium phosphate as bone defects substitute (literature review)

The objective of the study is to determine the current tendencies in the use of osteoplastic materials based on tricalcium phosphate (TCP) in orthopedics and traumatology. Methods. The search of the scientific information for the analysis was carried out in the PubMed, Google Scholar, World Digital Library, ScienceDirect. Results. The development of biomaterials for reconstructive surgery on the skeleton remains an urgent issue of biomaterial engineering, biology and current traumatology and orthopedics. Calcium-phosphate ceramics have the excellent properties of biocompatibility, affinity with bone tissue, biodegradability as well as perfect osteoconductive and osteointegrative properties. They are used in orthopaedics and traumatology as a coating for endoprosthesis components in order to achieve a strong bond with the bone as well as a filling material for bone defects in the form of blocks, granules or powder. The optimal structure of ceramic materials in order to achieve the necessary hardness and control of the dissolution rate is still undetermined. The interest of researchers in the creation of osteoplastic materials containing TCP is explained by the advanced osteoinductive properties and the ability to quickly degrade with the formation of bone tissue. Due to different configurations and sizes of the bone defects, the creation of a material with osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties that could be inserted into the cavity in a liquid state and which would quickly harden and acquire the properties similar to those of the bone has been of great current interest. The material should be biodegradable while having sufficient time for bone formation at the implantation site. In view of the above, the creation of cements based on calcium phosphates has become more attractive. Unfortunately, this material is limited in use due to its brittleness and insufficient hardness. Certain reinforcing additives are expected to significantly improve the mechanical properties of the cement. It is desirable that these particles should have bioactive properties analogous to those of cement. A slight modification of the material can significantly change its properties, which makes it imperative to investigate experimentally the biological properties of the investigated material.