The Color Black : Its History and Symbolic Meanings from Ancient Greece to the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-362
Author(s):  
Kyung Hwa Kim ◽  
Bong Mann Ko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
The 19Th Century

Western Aesthetics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter studies the development and basic ideas of Western aesthetic thoughts by reviewing the aesthetic history of ancient Greece and the Middle Ages and by investigating the modern and contemporary aesthetics. It initially discusses the dominant classical Greek aesthetics, the medieval aesthetics, the 19th century aesthetics, and finally the modern aesthetics. The chapter finds that while the history of aesthetics is marked by countless schools of thoughts, only a few people of rare talent have made significant contribution to the entire human civilization through their aesthetic theories and ideas.

scholarly journals Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 873
Author(s):  
Ulrich Palm ◽  
Moussa A. Chalah ◽  
Samar S. Ayache
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The 19Th Century

Electrical or magnetic stimulation methods for brain or nerve modulation have been widely known for centuries, beginning with the Atlantic torpedo fish for the treatment of headaches in ancient Greece, followed by Luigi Galvani’s experiments with frog legs in baroque Italy, and leading to the interventional use of brain stimulation methods across Europe in the 19th century [...]

Venoms and poisonings during the centuries. A narrative review.

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Alexandros Charitos ◽  
Roberto Gagliano-Candela ◽  
Luigi Santacroce ◽  
Lucrezia Bottalico
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Invisible

: Suffice it to say that the first traces of its use by man date back to ten thousand years ago the venom or poison since the last period of the Paleolithic man used poison to hunt and for defence. Indeed, in the second half of the 19th century, was found in some caves arrows made from the bones of animals characterized by particular grooves. In ancient Greece, the term pharmakon (φάρμακον) had a double meaning: remedy for therapy and venom. This is the period in which we become aware of the fact that a poison cannot be defined only as a substance capable of changing the properties of things. The poisonings are very frequent in the history of the Roman Empire and later in the Renaissance and the modern era. Poison was the protagonist political intrigues of power and is one of the most used lethal weapons over the years. Optimal solution for a perfect murder, the poison has a long history. Its success is due to the invisible and often unpunished death.

scholarly journals Polish and Lithuanian civil resistance in the painting of the 19th century: Kanutas Ruseckas and Vincentas Smakauskas

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-202
Author(s):  
Vaida Ragėnaitė
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
Armed Resistance ◽  
The 19Th Century

Hopes to restore the independent state of Lithuania lasted throughout the 19th century and promoted ideas of civil resistance in Poland and Lithuania. The struggle for independence erupted through the uprisings of 1794, 1830-31, and 1863. While these attempts at armed resistance did not lead to the liberation of Lithuania nor Poland, they demonstrated the undying willingness to regain freedom. The role of artists grew up with the increasing repressions of the tsarist government. Paintings and poems became weapons in the fight against the tsarist policy of Russification. The paper focuses on the works that the painters, Vincentas Smakauskas (1797–1876) and Kanutas Ruseckas (1800–1860), done after the suppressed uprising of 1831. A research hypothesis is a statement that paintings produced in this dramatic period of history embodied secret symbolic meanings and represented ideas of civil resistance.

scholarly journals Proof of Euclid’s fifth postulate and the establishment of the metaphysical foundations of the so-called space (metametry)

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 280-309
Author(s):  
Eduard O. Heyfetz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Small Unit ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Non Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Foundations Of Physics ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
The Ideal

Euclid’s fifth postulate has been accepted as a theorem since the time of ancient Greece. The efforts to prove it have been going on for nearly 2 000 years. Non-Euclidean geometry, based on its rejection, emerged in the first half of the 19th century. The author of the present article returns to the problem by addressing the metaphysical foundations of physics. The author has found the ideal instrument for analyzing infinity to be an infinitely small unit, which cannot be divided further. With the help of this instrument, the fundamental properties of the so-called space were found. It was concluded that there are no oblique or curved lines on the basic level. The apparent curved and oblique lines are stairs with negligibly fluent changing or constant steps, correspondingly. Hence, the refutation of non-Euclidean geometries and seeking a new proof of the postulate. Inter alia, it was found that the requirement to conclude the proof from Euclid’s other four axioms only diverted the attention of mathematicians from the true problem. The author proved the fifth postulate on a plane. Its application to a pair of skew lines is considered. In conclusion, the author describes the basic properties of the so-called space.

scholarly journals Wprowadzenie do „Za kulisami” Cypriana Norwida

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 400-413
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Braun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Life Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Adaptation ◽  
Use Of Space ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Adam Mickiewicz

Kazimierz Braun introduces his stage adaptation of “Behind the Wings”, a drama considered the crowning achievement of the poet/playwright, Cyprian Norwid (1821–1883). Behind the Wings is composed of two parts. The action of one part takes place in the 19th Century in Warsaw. The other is situated in ancient Greece around the 7th Century BC. Both parts are bound by the structure of “theatre within theatre”, popularized by Shakespeare in Hamlet. The Danish Prince uses the production of “The Murder of Gonzago” to unmask the murderer King. The hero of “Behind the Wings”, Omegitt, uses his play Tyrtaeus to unmask the moral degradation of his contemporaries. The action of the entire play (composed of these two parts) takes place in a theatre, where, during a carnival ball, among other attractions, “Tyrtaeus” is performed. “Behind the Wings”, as many of Norwid’s works, was not published during the author’s life time and was preserved with significant loopholes. Thus, for a production of this play the existing text must be adapted and transformed into a working scenario. The article discusses major obstacles which hinder the entrance to the great and complex dramatic edifice of “Behind the Wings” – such as the problems of the multitude of the characters, and the specific use of space and time by Norwid. In addition to the analysis of “Behind the Wings”, Kazimierz Braun recalls his own works on this play, beginning by his studies of Polish Literature at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and at the Directing Department, Warsaw’s School of Drama. During his long career he directed fifteen productions of Norwid’s texts, both in theatres and in television in Poland. A literary adaptation and a miseen- scène project of “Behind the Wings” prepared by Kazimierz Braun was published in a book: Cyprian Norwid, “Za kulisami”, opracowanie literackie i inscenizacyjne Kazimierz Braun, Wydawnictwo Pewne, Kielce 2021.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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