Ydre mission som dansk kulturhistorie

In his new book, Daniel Henschen studies the foreign mission movement in Denmark as a case of an “empathic globalization” before modern globalization began to be developed at full scale from around 1960. The book is innovative in viewing the mission movement in Denmark as an integrated part of contemporary culture, contributing to the general cultural and political development in its time. At the same time, Henschen develops a new track in mission studies.

Foreign Missions’ Role in Promoting International Trade: Empirical Evidence of Sri Lankan Foreign Missions Promoting Electronic Exports in Germany

Foreign missions have been the pillars of trade promotion and in particular, of export and export-oriented investment. In Sri Lanka, the potentiality in export promotion to Germany is immense. However, it is discernible that there is no coordinated effort in promoting trade in Sri Lanka by foreign missions. Therefore, this research examines the role of foreign missions in promoting international trade between Sri Lanka and Germany especially focusing on Electrical and Electronic Sector. The case study is based on the empirical evidence of Sri Lankan foreign missions promoting electrical and electronic exports in Germany. Potential growth-enhancing factors will benefit from increased global economic integration through trade promotion activities undertaken by the host country and the foreign mission. A qualitative methodology was used to understand the stakeholder perspective of the role of foreign missions. Analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews (13) derived the results that trade fairs and Business to Business meetings as the most effective trade promotion activities. Findings of the study confirms six (6) vital roles of a foreign mission which are internalizing industries, promoting, business intelligence, stakeholder communication, building strategic relationships and inter-governmental engagement respectively. The paper points out managerial and policy implications such as pro-activeness of the head of foreign missions and strategic and trustworthy relationships between the countries. The study concludes that the activities carried out by the Sri Lankan Foreign Mission in Germany does not satisfy the exporters’ expectations and requirements. Further this study recommendations are provided to both German and Sri Lankan Governments and foreign missions.

‘He Who Has Eyes Let Him See’: Sartorial Choice and Soteriological Destiny in R. M. Ballantyne’s Jarwin and Cuffy

Many literary critics have dismissed R. M. Ballantyne’s fictions as artless evangelical propaganda. However, such a blanket denunciation fails to consider both the complexity of Ballantyne’s position in a fractured Scottish church and the ongoing debates among church members and elders about the purpose of and policies regarding foreign mission efforts. Using Jarwin and Cuffy (1878), I argue that Ballantyne’s fiction explores tensions as to the nature of personal salvation, the role of the Scottish church in missionary endeavours, and the necessity of an external presentation of the acceptance of the gospel, essential to much Pacific missionary writing. While Ballantyne is often remembered as having written stories which reinforce the dominant ideals of British colonialism and evangelical Protestantism, we must remember that these ideologies were far from stable concepts.

Foreign Missions in Kyiv in the Period of the Directorate of Ukraine: Forced Returning Home

The article construes diplomatic presence of foreign states in the period of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Ukrainian State in Kyiv as the entry of independent Ukraine to the international arena. It is emphasized that the activity of every foreign mission at that time merits separate study. It is highlighted that with the advent of the Directorate to power in December 2018, all diplomatic missions found themselves in similar circumstances as the unrelenting approach of the Bolsheviks to the capital of Ukraine threatened their presence in Kyiv. The article covers the issues of organizing cooperation with the new government, faced by both the representatives of the ‘old’ consular corps and envoys of the Hetman government, who did not cease their activity after the transition of power to the Directorate. The meeting of Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Symon Petliura, Fedir Shvets and Panas Andriievskyi at the railway station was mentioned. The meeting was also attended by thousands of Kyiv residents, as well as foreign representatives, such as Turkish envoy Mukhtar Bey, Finnish envoy Herman Gummerus, Bulgarian envoy Ivan Shishmanov, Ataman of the winter stanitsa of the All-Great Army of the Don General O. V. Cheriachukin, Consul of Switzerland, Duian of Consular Corps Gabriel Annie, Consul of Spain and Portugal Stelio Vasiliadi, not yet officially recognized Consul of Holland Timothy Fokker, representatives of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. The article examines the hopes and tactics of various diplomatic parties with regard to decisions made at the 1919 Paris Conference. It is argued that the Directorate not only demonstrated its loyalty to most of the foreign missions but also provided financial loans upon their duly substantiated requests. The article sheds light on the events of 22 January 1919 and the involvement therein of all foreign representatives, the departure of diplomatic missions and further activities of those who remained in Kyiv. Keywords: the Directorate, diplomatic missions, government, foreign representatives and figures.

Dissenting Hymnody

Just as sermons were central to Dissenting identity, so too were hymns. Hymns rapidly became a means of creating a sense of group cohesion, as well as transmitting important ideas and doctrine to the congregations that sang them. Particularly when there were concerns about spiritual lethargy, hymns were an excellent way to ensure that Dissenting congregations maintained a sense of ‘spiritual wakefulness’. Not only could hymns be used to inculcate a sense of Dissenting identity and transmit paraphrases, prayer, and praise, they also proved to be a popular evangelistic tool both as part of domestic revivals and, later, in foreign mission fields. They were a means to convey practical Christian experience and also to point towards the best ways to practise the Christian life.