scholarly journals Foreign Missions in Kyiv in the Period of the Directorate of Ukraine: Forced Returning Home

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-77
Author(s):  
Iryna Matiash
Keyword(s):  
Separate Study ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Railway Station ◽  
Returning Home ◽  
Foreign Mission

The article construes diplomatic presence of foreign states in the period of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Ukrainian State in Kyiv as the entry of independent Ukraine to the international arena. It is emphasized that the activity of every foreign mission at that time merits separate study. It is highlighted that with the advent of the Directorate to power in December 2018, all diplomatic missions found themselves in similar circumstances as the unrelenting approach of the Bolsheviks to the capital of Ukraine threatened their presence in Kyiv. The article covers the issues of organizing cooperation with the new government, faced by both the representatives of the ‘old’ consular corps and envoys of the Hetman government, who did not cease their activity after the transition of power to the Directorate. The meeting of Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Symon Petliura, Fedir Shvets and Panas Andriievskyi at the railway station was mentioned. The meeting was also attended by thousands of Kyiv residents, as well as foreign representatives, such as Turkish envoy Mukhtar Bey, Finnish envoy Herman Gummerus, Bulgarian envoy Ivan Shishmanov, Ataman of the winter stanitsa of the All-Great Army of the Don General O. V. Cheriachukin, Consul of Switzerland, Duian of Consular Corps Gabriel Annie, Consul of Spain and Portugal Stelio Vasiliadi, not yet officially recognized Consul of Holland Timothy Fokker, representatives of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. The article examines the hopes and tactics of various diplomatic parties with regard to decisions made at the 1919 Paris Conference. It is argued that the Directorate not only demonstrated its loyalty to most of the foreign missions but also provided financial loans upon their duly substantiated requests. The article sheds light on the events of 22 January 1919 and the involvement therein of all foreign representatives, the departure of diplomatic missions and further activities of those who remained in Kyiv. Keywords: the Directorate, diplomatic missions, government, foreign representatives and figures.

Antiquities Law, Iraq

Antiquity ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 9 (33) ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Leonard Woolley
Keyword(s):  
League Of Nations ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Fair Treatment ◽  
Foreign Mission

The Iraqi Government is proposing to supersede the Antiquities Law drawn up eleven years ago, and approved by the League of Nations, by one which will admittedly be far more onerous to the foreign excavator working in Iraq. As a prelude to the introduction of the bill before the Iraqi Parliament there has been a regular campaign of propaganda intended to show that under the existing law Iraq has been robbed, by concessions made to foreign missions, of the treasures which were legally and morally hers, and that Iraq never has had fair treatment and will not have it so long as the division of the objects from excavations is conducted by a foreign Director of Antiquities. To what lengths this campaign has been carried may be illustrated by the following: in March 1934 Abdal Rizaq Effendi, the Curator of the Baghdad Museum, personally repeated to me the statement, published in the local press, that the normal share accruing to the Baghdad Museum from the division of antiquities with a foreign mission, as conducted by the Director, was no more than one half of one per cent. of the objects catalogued.

American Foreign Mission Movement, c . 1870–1920s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Neal Leavelle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Authority ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
American Women ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Mission ◽  
Mission Movement

The American foreign mission movement at the turn of the 20th century adopted as its watchword “the evangelization of the world in this generation.” The rapid expansion of missionary boards and the enthusiasm of volunteers and supporters corresponded with European and US colonial expansion around the world. For many evangelical observers, the opening of the world seemed to offer the greatest opportunity yet to share the gospel with all. “The crisis of missions,” as one prominent author put it, required that Christians recognize the spiritual importance of this moment. Divine providence appeared to be removing obstacles to evangelization. Failure to act decisively would be a form of apostasy, an abandonment of responsibility toward God and the world. Inspired by a revivalistic spirit, women and men joined a growing list of missionary and moral reform organizations. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions continued the work it had started in the early 19th century. New organizations like the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions and the World Student Christian Federation created networks that linked Christian evangelists and communities around the world. They published magazines, books, and pamphlets and sent inspectors, organizers, and speakers on tours of the United States and Great Britain and on grand transoceanic voyages. In 1910 the movement celebrated progress and planned for next steps at the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh, Scotland. Steeped in a sense of moral and racial superiority, attendees promised to transform the world. Women found an increasingly important place in the US foreign missionary movement, especially as evangelical work diversified to include the establishment of schools and medical missions. American women labored in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere and eventually made up the majority of workers in the field. Women brought with them an ideology of domesticity that they hoped to share with their sisters abroad. Women from the US viewed local women in the missions as socially degraded and in desperate need of moral uplift. The moral authority that came with female standing in the home seemed to explain the elevated status and Christian liberty enjoyed by American women. At the same time, as more highly educated single women entered the field, the movement created space for new models of womanhood. These “New Women” lived independent lives out in the world, apart from the confines of the home. American missionaries at the turn of the century became deeply entangled in the imperial connections of the United States and the world. While it would be a mistake to reduce their work simply to a particular strand of imperialism, it is important to understand their connections to American expansion. Missionaries took advantage of openings created by colonial activity and contributed to the spread of American cultural, political, and economic influence at a critical moment in the development of national power in the international arena.

Indian Slaveholders and Presbyterian Missionaries, 1837–1861

1973 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. McLoughlin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
New England ◽  
York City ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
New School ◽  
Mission Work ◽  
Foreign Mission Board ◽  
Foreign Mission ◽  
The Difference

Founded in 1837 to provide a denohinational foreign mission board for the Old School Presbyterians, the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions (PBFM) had from the outset a very different outlook toward mission work among slave-holding Indians than did its closest rival, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), which served the New School Presbyterians and New England Congregationalists. The difference increased until 1859 when the latter organization, unable to reconcile its antislavery conviction with the determined proslavery position of the southern Indians, withdrew from that field. The PBFM, headquartered in New York City, thereupon took under its patronage most of those ABCFM missionaries who had been abandoned by their Boston-based board for refusing to expound and practice an antislavery position among the Choctaws, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Seminoles and Creeks.

scholarly journals Myroslav Lushchak: in the footsteps of the Stanislaviv seminarian

2020 ◽  
pp. 216-231
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Kolomyichuk ◽  
Mykhailo Dydyk ◽  
Mykhailo Kachurak ◽  
Dmytro Multan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Railway Station ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
Returning Home ◽  
Great Love ◽  
Cooperative Organization ◽  
The Church

The main stages of the life of Myroslav Luschak were revealed and analysed in the article. Myroslav Luschak was a graduate of the Stanislaviv Theological Seminary, worked as an employee of the Ukrainian cooperative and a merchant, a man whose dreams about priesthood life were suddenly interrupted during Soviet intervention in Eastern Galicia. Based on archival sources, witness stories, specific scientific literature and journalism issues the main events of the life of the mentioned personality in childhood, adolescence and adulthood were revealed. When Myroslav finished school, he began to work at the railway station together with his father and elder brother. All that time Myroslav’s parents were instilling a great love for God to him. In 1930-1931 he served in the Polish army. A few years later Myroslav Luschak started to work in the Ukrainian cooperative organization, and in 1939 he worked as a seller in «Maslosoyuz». In the same year Myroslav Luschak graduated the Stanislaviv Seminary and wanted to become a priest. The main attention is paid to period 1939-1941, when Soviet occupation of Stanislaviv caused fateful events in the life of Myroslav Luschak and led finally to his death. From September 1939 to June 1941 he worked at the Universal freight base Oblspozhyvspilka in Stanislaviv. In June 1941 when Myroslav Luschak was returning home from the church, he was arrested by the Soviet NKVD and imprisoned in the Stanislaviv prison. Myroslav disappeared without a trace after his arrest, and his relatives searched for him for many years. Only in October 1989 during the archeological excavations of Demianiv Laz close to Ivano-Frankivsk the documents of Myroslav Luschak were found. Repressions of the Soviet totalitarian regime against people and Church are considered by the authors of this article as the main reasons of the destroyed dreams of the researched person.

U.S. Foreign Mission Movement, c. 1800–1860

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Conroy-Krutz
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Mission ◽  
Mission Movement

In the early 19th century, American Protestants began to send missionaries abroad as part of the foreign mission movement. They were responding to the Great Commission of the Bible: to go into the world and spread the Gospel. This historical moment allowed them to do so because of political and commercial developments that provided Americans with access to the peoples of the world in an unprecedented way. Emerging alongside religious revivalism and other large-scale movements for social reform, foreign missions responded to a sense of optimism at the time over the possibility of human action to be able to bring about the kingdom of God on Earth. This movement aimed at the conversion of the whole world to Protestant Christianity, which for many of these missionaries in these decades would also involve the embrace of cultural changes. In 1810, the new era of international missions began with the formation of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. By 1860, American missionaries were at work around the globe, with important stations in South and East Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas. The conversion of the world, though, was out of their grasp; few converts came to the American missions in these years. In spite of that, missionaries opened schools, translated and distributed Scripture and other religious texts, and preached as widely as they could. As missionaries went abroad and sought to change the places they reached, they also became important sources of information about those places to their supporters at home. Missionary publications informed American readers about the people, cultures, and religions of the world and in so doing helped to shape American understandings of how the United States ought to relate to these other foreign spaces.

scholarly journals Foreign Missions’ Role in Promoting International Trade: Empirical Evidence of Sri Lankan Foreign Missions Promoting Electronic Exports in Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
R. T. Vidyaratne ◽  
E.A.G. Sumanasiri
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Foreign Mission ◽  
Trade Promotion

Foreign missions have been the pillars of trade promotion and in particular, of export and export-oriented investment. In Sri Lanka, the potentiality in export promotion to Germany is immense. However, it is discernible that there is no coordinated effort in promoting trade in Sri Lanka by foreign missions. Therefore, this research examines the role of foreign missions in promoting international trade between Sri Lanka and Germany especially focusing on Electrical and Electronic Sector. The case study is based on the empirical evidence of Sri Lankan foreign missions promoting electrical and electronic exports in Germany. Potential growth-enhancing factors will benefit from increased global economic integration through trade promotion activities undertaken by the host country and the foreign mission. A qualitative methodology was used to understand the stakeholder perspective of the role of foreign missions. Analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews (13) derived the results that trade fairs and Business to Business meetings as the most effective trade promotion activities. Findings of the study confirms six (6) vital roles of a foreign mission which are internalizing industries, promoting, business intelligence, stakeholder communication, building strategic relationships and inter-governmental engagement respectively. The paper points out managerial and policy implications such as pro-activeness of the head of foreign missions and strategic and trustworthy relationships between the countries. The study concludes that the activities carried out by the Sri Lankan Foreign Mission in Germany does not satisfy the exporters’ expectations and requirements. Further this study recommendations are provided to both German and Sri Lankan Governments and foreign missions.

Reentry Trauma: The Shock of Returning Home

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen Vogel ◽  
Justin Stiebel ◽  
Rachele Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Returning Home
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