Combating of oil spills by funding of oil spill preparedness vs funding for compensation after the spill events

• The total volume of oil spilled and the number of spills has declined significantly over the past forty years. However, oil spills are no longer considered as an unavoidable. The ship source oil pollution still remains a potentially important risk to the local economies and the marine environment which can cause major economic loss and severe damages to the coastal and marine environment. The international regulatory framework to deal with liability and compensation for ship source oil pollution has evolved over the past three decades. The available international legal regime for oil pollution liability and compensation is playing a great role in governing the discharge of oil into the sea by ensuring liability for polluters and compensation for victims of pollution. Despite the fact that the total cost of the oil spill cannot be compensated through the available international civil liability regime and entire damages caused to the marine environment cannot be compensated or recovered. This paper examined the application and limitations of available liability and compensation mechanisms for the protection of marine pollution and compares the benefit of the establishment of a funding mechanism for the strengthening of the level of oil spill preparedness and the civil liability regime for the protection of the coastal and marine environment. In addition, this paper reviews the funding mechanism adopted by the countries to strengthen a level of oil spill preparedness taken into account the polluter pays principle without putting the extra burden to general taxpayers. The establishment of a system for the funding of oil spill preparedness using the polluter pay principle has immensely helped to improve the oil spill response capabilities and protection of the marine environment of coastal states which adopted a unique funding mechanism by applying the polluter pay principle. This paper recommends among other things, review the available compensation and liability regime for the protection of the marine environment and recommend to adopt and apply a uniform funding mechanism for the strengthening of the level of oil spill preparedness taken into account the polluter pay principle for the protection of the marine environment and improve the status quo. • Liability, compensation, Preparedness, Polluters pay principle

Variability of river plume in the Gulf of Tonkin

<p>The quality of estuarine, coastal and marine environment in the Gulf of Tonkin, in the South China Sea, is an essential issue to the ecosystems’ health and to the living conditions and economy of the Viet Nam population. The stakes are particularly high since the demographic density in the Red River delta is one of the highest in the world. Understanding the physical processes that drive the ocean circulation and its response to anthropic pressure there is therefore of primarily importance for enlightened resource management, as well as for designing adequate monitoring and forecasting systems.</p><p>As a first step toward a better understanding of the physical coastal and marine environment, we present here a study on the Red river plume variability in the Gulf of Tonkin over the period 2011-2016. The study is based on a numerical simulation, under realistic conditions, using the SYMPHONIE coastal model developed at LEGOS (Marsaleix et al., 2008). Compared with various data sources, the model results show good performances. The river plume is then identified and examined at different time scales. In general, the surface coverage of the river plume is strongly correlated with the runoff but with a 1-month lag. However, in some years, a higher peak in runoff does not create a higher peak of the plume area, suggesting that other forcings need to be taken into account to explain the variability of the river plume.</p><p>Using K-mean clustering, the main patterns of the plume are identified. The result shows that the plume has a large variability at both seasonal and interannual scales. Each pattern shows the plume under different forcing conditions.  Most of the time, the plume is narrow and sticks along the coast due to the downcoast current and northeasterly wind. In the summer, due to monsoon, the wind direction changes to southwesterly and helps the plume to spread offshore. The plume reaches its highest coverage in September after the peak of runoff; then its coverage decreases again when the monsoon reverses.</p><p>We also analyze events of offshore export of freshwater at daily time scales and show that they can be associated with recurrent coastal eddies during the summer monsoon. We investigate the respective role of wind and runoff in the eddies formation. Comparison with a run without river allows to identify the main impacts of the plume on the ocean states, for example in the current and sea surface elevation.</p>

SOSIALISASI PENGENALAN POTENSI SUMBERDAYA KELAUTAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN BIOPROSPEKSI KELAUTAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT PESISIR LHOK BUBON ACEH BARAT

Coastal and marine resources provide several benefit for increasing the coastal prosperity. Several benefits of coastal and marine resources including food and non food sources and drugs. According to survey that coastal and marine resources that widespread alongside of Lhok Bubon coastal including macroalgae, sea cucumber and mangrove. It is to be benchmark to gain information related the provided of biopharmaca raw material. The empowering community activity was held in April 7, 2019 at the beach of Lhok Bubon Samatiga district West Aceh Regency. The method of activity icluding the survey of coastal and marine resources, the socialization of empowering community and beach clean movement. The activity showed the awareness of coastal community to keep the coastal and marine environment. In other hand, the empowering community activity which the coastal community obtained several informations related the utilization of coastal and marine resources in Lhok Bubon Village Samatiga District West Aceh Regency.

Introduction

The question of the implications of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction has taken on a new urgency in view of the present and projected impacts of climate change on the coastal and marine environment. However, this introductory chapter argues that climate-related change is properly located within a broader category of geographical change of potential significance for entitlement to maritime space and maritime limits and boundaries. The existing literature has emphasized the novelty of climate-related change, concluding that the law as it stands is ill equipped to respond to this phenomenon and even exacerbates its harms. This chapter recalls that an awareness of the dynamic character of the coastal environment has accompanied the development of a legal order that gives coastal geography a key role in connection with entitlement to maritime space and its spatial specification. It outlines the book’s central arguments, which are grounded in a close analysis of the existing law.

The best way to the protection of the marine environment from oil spills impacts is the strengthening of available oil spill liability and compensation regimes or the funding of oil spill preparedness and strengthening of oil spill combat capabilities

The total volume of oil spilled and the number of spills has declined significantly over the past forty years. However, oil spills are no longer considered as an unavoidable. The ship source oil pollution still remains a potentially important risk to the local economies and the marine environment which can cause major economic loss and severe damages to the coastal and marine environment. The international regulatory framework to deal with liability and compensation in the event of ship source oil pollution has evolved over the past three decades. The available international legal regime for oil pollution liability and compensation is playing a great role in governing a discharge of oil into the sea by ensuring liability for polluters and compensation for victims of pollution. Despite the fact that the total cost of the oil spill cannot be compensated through the available international civil liability regime and entire damages caused to the marine environment cannot be compensated or recovered. This paper examined the application and limitations of available liability and compensation mechanism for the protection marine pollution and compare the benefit of the establishment of a funding mechanism for the strengthening of the level of oil spill preparedness and the civil liability regime for the protection of the coastal and marine environment. In addition, this paper reviews the funding mechanism adopted by the countries to the strengthening the level of oil spill preparedness taken into account the polluter pays principle without a putting extra burden for the general taxpayers. The establishment of a system for the funding of oil spill preparedness using the polluter pay principle has immensely helped to improve the oil spill response capabilities and protection of the marine environment of coastal states which adopted a unique funding mechanism by applying the polluter pay principle. This paper recommends the among other thing review the available compensation and liability regime for the protection of the marine environment and recommend to adopt and apply a uniform funding mechanism for the strengthening of the level of oil spill preparedness taken into account the polluter pay principle for the protection of the marine environment and improve the status quo.