TEACHER-STUDENTS CLASSROOM INTERACTIONS OF PUBLIC SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS III IN KATSINA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

The paper investigates the teacher-student interactions during English lessons at SS III Public Schools of Katsina Metropolis. The reason that triggered the research was the mass failure of students especially at Senior Secondary Examinations. The paper used the constructivist theory as a theoretical framework. It also used teachers’ and students’ questionnaires, a Target Language Observation Scheme (TALOS) and audio recorded lessons in the schools observed as instruments for data collection. Six schools were examined out of twelve. A total number of 6 teachers and 132 students were selected as the sample of the study. All six teachers were observed, and the lessons were recorded at different times. Simple Frequency Counts and Percentages were the basis used for the analysis of the data collected. The findings revealed that teacher-student interactions need to be improved as teachers gave room for the students to participate in the interactions but unfortunately, they remained idle in the class. For this reason, most of the class activities were solely performed by the teachers. Keywords: Teacher-students, Classroom, Interactions, Target Language Observation Scheme

Planning of refracted starlight observation based on observability analysis

In traditional observation schemes of stellar refraction navigation, the accuracy was limited due to unreasonable observation directions. In order to ameliorate this situation, a method of refracted starlight observation based on observability analysis is proposed. The function of this method is optimally generating an observation attitude sequence according to standard trajectories of spacecraft so that the selection of a refracted starlight observation sequence can be realized. Specifically, the improvement of Fisher information matrix calculation enables this method to be qualified for the navigation problem with unsteady measurement quantities as well as the non-fully observability which is defined as the capability of estimating the system state through measurements in finite time. Here, we construct a quantitative relationship between refracted starlight measurements and system observability by means of Fisher information index ( FII). Next, the observation scheme is retrieved by searching the maximum value of the optimized variable, which includes the ( FII). Finally, we resort to the extended Kalman filter to accomplish typical trajectory navigation simulations of the observation scheme. The results indicate that our method brings more accuracy than traditional ones in estimation of position and velocity of the optimal observation scheme.