Zasadność sporu odnośnie nowej definicji zgwałcenia – uwagi na tle proponowanych zmian

Artykuł poświęcony jest zbadaniu, czy istnieje potrzeba zmian w definicji gwałtu. Zagadnienie to jest omawiane w oparciu o wymagania art. 36 Konwencji Rady Europy o zapobieganiu i zwalczaniu przemocy wobec kobiet i przemocy domowej (Konwencja przeciwko przemocy) oraz projektu do ustawy o zmianie definicji zgwałcenia złożonego przez klub Lewicy w marcu 2021 roku. Konwencja Stambulska obowiązuje jako integralna część polskiego prawa. W związku z tym autorzy analizują potrzebę wprowadzenia nowej definicji gwałtu w oparciu o wymagania Konwencji antyprzemocowej oraz rekomendacje Amnesty International.

“You sleep with the devil; you wake up in hell!”: On the new EU-Turkey Deal

Right from the start in 2016, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and Amnesty International challenged the legitimacy of the so-called refugee deal between Turkey and the EU. Toward the end of 2020, the EU concluded another agreement with Turkey as part of the €6 billion in funding covered by the refugee deal, in spite of Turkey’s deteriorating human rights record. Against a backdrop of Turkey’s weaponizing of refugees against Europe and Europe’s treatment of the refugee issue as a local problem, the European border and coast guard organization Frontex has been practicing illegal pushbacks. It is clear that once you toy with the devil, you cannot escape hell.

SYRIA – “THE WAR WITH MULTIPLE PROXIES”. VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS

The civil war in Syria, triggered by the pro-democracy demonstrations of the "Arab Spring", was a complicated combination of religious, cultural and ethnic-identity contradictions. The non-international conflict was turned into a "battlefield" for foreign powers, which led to the transformation of a civil war into a "war with multiple proxies". The United Nations' efforts to mediate the conflict, based on a six-point plan, remained in the draft phase. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have denounced flagrant violations of human rights and international humanitarian law by the al-Assad regime, which has widely used non-discriminatory weapons banned in violation of the Geneva Conventions, 1949. The Bashār al-Assad regime is accused by the international community of being guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but attempts to incriminate it have failed.

Amnesty International and Women's Rights

Amnesty International's (AI) focus on civil and political rights has marked their work with a gender bias from the outset. In the first comprehensive look at AI's work on women's rights, Miriam Ganzfried illustrates the development of their activities regarding women's rights issues over twenty years. Through interviews with staff members and activists and unprecedented access to archive material from the Swiss and the German AI sections, she shows how women activists strategized to make AI increase its work on women's rights. Additionally, the book demonstrates that, despite the leadership's commitment to the Stop Violence Against Women campaign, internal resistance hampered the integration of women's rights into the organization's overall work.

DIGITAL PLATFORMS AND THE DIGITISATION OF GOVERNMENT SURVEILLANCE

In Europe today, digital platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, provide essential means for millions of people to express themselves, engage in public debate, and organise politically (Poell & van Dijck, 2018). Crucially, governments are leveraging the power of platforms to impose new forms of restrictions on free expression, and engage in surveillance of individuals and online activism. This has profound implications for the rights to freedom of expression, privacy, and data protection. Further, platforms that once refused to cooperate with governments in identifying users responsible for disseminating allegedly illegal or harmful content are now expanding cooperation with authorities, including sharing data about users flagged by law enforcement and other authorities. As civil society organisations warn, this trend is contributing to ‘invasive and unlawful digital surveillance’ (Amnesty International, 2019, p. 24). This paper examines how European governments are leveraging the power of digital platforms to engage in government surveillance online, and assesses the compatibility of these measures with European human rights law. The paper applies a unique interdisciplinary perspective, bringing together law, political communication and surveillance studies. First, the paper examines how platforms’ algorithmic systems shape (and limit) information dissemination. The paper then critically analyses government-platform initiatives that exist to surveil citizens and gather information, including new measures under the EU’s proposed Digital Services Act. Third, it assesses how these measures comply with freedom of expression and the right to privacy, and concludes with recommendations on remedying problematic elements of the role platforms play in digitisation of government surveillance.

Une ONG au risque de l’engagement : participation et coordination des bénévoles, militants et salariés

Depuis l’origine, Amnesty International France (AIF) se présente comme un « mouvementbénévole et militant ». Au fil du temps, l’ONG connaît une évolution raisonnée qui a favorisé une audience et une influence plus forte. Aujourd’hui, cette notoriété s’accompagne d’une professionnalisation de ses structures, marquée notamment par un important recrutement de nouveaux membres comme de nouveaux salariés. Ces évolutions ne se font pas sans heurts. Ainsi,les bénévoles apparaissent en manque de reconnaissance et les militants se sentent parfois dépossédés de leurs prérogatives au profit de salariés perçus comme des « personnes de passage », moins imprégnés de l’histoire, des valeurs et de l’identité du mouvement, en un mot « moins militants ». Nous nous intéresserons donc à la façon dont les changements qui touchent AIF redistribuent les cartes de la participation de chacun au projet associatif en fonction de son statut (bénévole, militant, salarié). À l’heure où les frontières se troublent (travail bénévole, engagement salarié), comment l’ONG parvient-elle à organiser le travail de tous sans désespérer la participation bénévole et l’engagement militant ? De quelle façon parvient-elle, tout à la fois, à manager et à ménager les individus ?