Explanatory Factors for Public Transportation Financing Needs in Spain

Public transport financing in Spain has generated interest due to the absence of a governing regulatory framework. There is a need for rules that help allocate public subsidies to guarantee the system’s financial sustainability. Without explicit regulation, the current system for assigning and distributing public funding among Spanish cities has become unbalanced. Our goal is to identify the principal factors that explain why urban transport services in different cities require varying levels of public financing. Our results show that variables such as the “passengers,” “number of vehicles,” “number of employees,” “autonomous community deficit”, and “population density” are influencing factors for the needs of public subsidies.

The Interactions between Producer Services and Manufacturing: An Empirical Analysis Based on Input-Output Subsystem Model

This paper, based on the data of China’s input-output table in 2007, indentifies the key service sectors for the development of manufacturing by using the input-output subsystem model from the perspective of service demand and supply. Results show that from the demand side, public service sectors, e.g. Education and Public Administration, are main demanders of manufacturing products. While, from the supply side, Transportation, Financing and Business Services are the main sectors. From both sides, technology-intensive manufacturing is most closely tied to producer services.