Small glaciers in the Dinaric Mountains after eight years of observation: On the verge of extinction?

This study presents results from regular observation of permanent and summer-persisting firn-ice bodies in the highest parts of the Dinaric Alps. The sizes of six small glaciers and two snow patches on the Prokletije Massif (in Albania) and the Durmitor Massif (in Montenegro) were measured from 2011 to 2018. In recent years, specific cycles of interannual behavior have been observed: a year of considerable snow accumulation (a »recharge« phase), followed by two to four years of gradual decrease (a »wastage« phase). At present, the small glaciers studied exist in unbalanced conditions, which in the long term may lead to their degradation. Progressive warming makes short-term cycle minimums increasingly severe. Their retreat after the summer of 2017 was probably the most pronounced since the Little Ice Age, and small glaciers are on the verge of extinction.

Estimating Integrated Volatility: The Base Case with No Noise and Equidistant Observations

This chapter covers the various problems arising in the estimation of the integrated volatility, in the idealized situation where the process is observed without error (no microstructure noise) and along a regular observation scheme. In this case the situation is quite well understood, although not totally straightforward when the process has jumps. In this chapter, our aim is to estimate the (random) quantity Csubscript T at a given time T, upon observing the process X without error, at the discrete times i Δ‎ₙ for i = 0, 1, … , [T/Δ‎ₙ], and when the mesh Δ‎ₙ of the observation scheme goes to 0. Since the initial value X₀ gives no information at all on Csubscript T, we can equivalently suppose that we observe the returns, or log-returns.

A Study of the Local Tolerance of Tibicorten during Long-Term Application

Regular observation of 16 patients with chronic skin diseases, treated twice daily with applications of Tibicorten for 2 to 14 weeks, showed that this treatment did not give rise to development of local side-effects. Even protracted local application of Tibicorten is tolerated excellently.

On the temperature of the surface waters of the Irish sea

Shortly after the year 1870, regular observation of the temperature of the surface waters of the Irish Sea was instituted from a number of coastal stations, lighthouses, and lightvessels by the Meteorological Committee of the Royal Society with the co-operation of the Lighthouse Boards. At first the observations were taken once daily at noon, but from about 1880, when coast guard stations were included, all observations were taken twice daily, viz., “ at or about sunrise ” and at 4 p.m. The observations were collected by the Meteorological Office, and the service has been maintained up to the present time, though most of the lightvessels on the eastern side of the sea have now been removed. The thermometers used are of the standard M.O. pattern and are read to 1° F.