A geoeconomia do desenvolvimento chinês: das Quatro Modernizações à Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) | The geoeconomics of Chinese Development: from Four Modernizations to Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

RESUMO Após o final da Guerra Fria, muitos analistas passaram a analisar a forma pela qual o sistema internacional se estruturaria. Dentre esses, destaca-se a contribuição de Edward Luttwak que cunhou o termo geoeconomia para ressaltar as tendências do sistema internacional, na qual as rivalidades interestatais seriam crescentemente moldadas por instrumentos comerciais e econômicos. A Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) pode ser analisada como mais um projeto geoeconômico criado para atender as demandas internas da economia chinesa e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir a projeção internacional do país. Trata-se de uma estratégia de inserção internacional recorrente na história chinesa que fundamenta o desenvolvimento econômico a partir de uma leitura sobre os condicionantes da competição geopolítica internacional.Palavras-Chave: Geoeconomia; Desenvolvimento Econômico; China. ABSTRACTAfter the end of the Cold War, analysts began to analyze how the international system would be structured. These contributions include the Edward Luttwak's, who coined the term geoeconomics to analyze the trends in the international system. Interstate rivalries would be increasingly influenced by commercial and economic instruments. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) can be viewed as another geo-economic project designed to meet the demands of economy as well as to ensure the China’s international projection. It is a strategy of recurrent international insertion in Chinese history, in which economic development is based on the conditions of international geopolitical competition.Keywords: Geoeconomics; Economic Development; China.Recebido em: 20 dez. 2019 | Aceito em: 25 mai. 2020.

Perceptions of Rivalry

Rivalry is pervasive in politics and beyond. Drawing on unique survey data, this article examines how instructors can draw on students' perceptions of rivalry to explore different aspects of the rivalry concept. The data show that different ways in which students tend to think about rivalry tend to reflect differences in scholarly conceptualizations of interstate rivalry. The data also suggest that referencing sports rivalries may be useful to introduce the concept of rivalry, drawing on parallels between sports rivalries and interstate rivalries and students' greater interest in and familiarity with sports than international affairs. This article provides an understanding of how students tend to think about rival relations to help instructors effectively lead classroom discussions on interstate rivalry.