scholarly journals A geoeconomia do desenvolvimento chinês: das Quatro Modernizações à Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) | The geoeconomics of Chinese Development: from Four Modernizations to Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. e47480
Author(s):  
Helio Caetano Farias ◽  
Pedro Mendes Martins
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cold War ◽  
International System ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Interstate Rivalries

RESUMO Após o final da Guerra Fria, muitos analistas passaram a analisar a forma pela qual o sistema internacional se estruturaria. Dentre esses, destaca-se a contribuição de Edward Luttwak que cunhou o termo geoeconomia para ressaltar as tendências do sistema internacional, na qual as rivalidades interestatais seriam crescentemente moldadas por instrumentos comerciais e econômicos. A Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) pode ser analisada como mais um projeto geoeconômico criado para atender as demandas internas da economia chinesa e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir a projeção internacional do país. Trata-se de uma estratégia de inserção internacional recorrente na história chinesa que fundamenta o desenvolvimento econômico a partir de uma leitura sobre os condicionantes da competição geopolítica internacional.Palavras-Chave: Geoeconomia; Desenvolvimento Econômico; China. ABSTRACTAfter the end of the Cold War, analysts began to analyze how the international system would be structured. These contributions include the Edward Luttwak's, who coined the term geoeconomics to analyze the trends in the international system. Interstate rivalries would be increasingly influenced by commercial and economic instruments. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) can be viewed as another geo-economic project designed to meet the demands of economy as well as to ensure the China’s international projection. It is a strategy of recurrent international insertion in Chinese history, in which economic development is based on the conditions of international geopolitical competition.Keywords: Geoeconomics; Economic Development; China.Recebido em: 20 dez. 2019 | Aceito em: 25 mai. 2020.

scholarly journals THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHINESE RAILWAY EXPRESS TRAINS

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Thomas Chan Man Hung
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
The Us ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Belt And Road

Introduction. Belt and Road Initiative of China is not something novel. It is the present-day continuation of the millennium-old Eurasian Silk Road that had been disrupted by the colonial expansion of the European powers. After the Cold War even the US and EU have attempted to restore the old Silk Road but with limited success. It was only in 2013 when the Chinese Government announced the Initiative that the world, not just the great powers, has begun once again to speak and think of the revival of the old Silk Road with enthusiasm.

scholarly journals The Role of the Broad-Gauge Metallurgy Line PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa Sp. z o.o. and the Belt and Road Initiative: Transportation in the Development of the Lublin Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Mirosław Antonowicz ◽  
Zbigniew Tracichleb
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The Silk Road

<p>The article presents the railway entity PKP LHS Sp. z o.o. and its role in the development of the New Silk Road. In consequence, the increase in traffic on the Silk Road with the participation of Polish companies translates into the economic development of the Lublin Province and the development of border crossings in that province. The importance of transport corridors and the participation of PKP LHS in the development of those corridors have been highlighted. Investment assumptions have been presented, the effects of which will be visible in a few years, strengthening the potential and economic capabilities of the province.</p>

scholarly journals Chińska inicjatywa pasa i szlaku a ryzyko zadłużenia jej beneficjentów

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Tomaszewska
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Scientific Goal ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
The Belt And Road

Chinese Belt and Road initiative (BRI) is not only an economic or political project, but also has the potential to transform the international system. The initiative‘s impact is large – from stimulating the financing of infrastructure investments in various countries around the world to the development of new global supply chains. The scientific goal of the article is to analyze the consequences of implementing the initiative. The research problem is included in the following question: does the Belt and Road Initiative contribute to increasing Chinese influence in the world and carries the risk of driving poorer countries into the ―debt trap‖? The conclusion from the article is that China should create an improved version of the BRI initiative based on a better risk assessment of the current projects. Infrastructure investments, if not carefully implemented and controlled, may lead to consequences, such as increasing the debt of some countries in the long term.

Quest for the Middle Kingdom: the Political Effects of China’s Ambitions in the Belt and Road Initiative

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
International System ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is Chinese President Xi Jinping’s brand for economic infrastructure development and investment. The BRI offers significant strategic advantages to the PRC and many benefits to partner countries, and is intended to situate China at the centre of international trade. At the same time, unintended consequences of investment will impact local populations in key areas, including population displacement, environmental degradation, corruption, political upheaval, exploitation and violent conflict. While the BRI offers significant opportunities to both China and its partner countries in the initiative, relative Chinese military weakness, the limits of economic activity, underdeveloped soft power authority, energy dependency, terrorism and domestic politics will all either inhibit the BRI or remain vulnerable aspects of the Chinese national interest as projects move forward. The BRI has the potential to reshape the economic relations of the world, however the strategic limitations of the project do not indicate a short or mid-term upheaval of the international system in favor of China or an end to China’s political challenges at home and abroad. This essay views the realist and constructivist schools of international relations theory as the most useful way to understand the motivations and consequences of the BRI. The long term effects on the global balance of power will also be examined, especially in the context of Xi’s vision for China in 2050.

scholarly journals China’s Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: a new development opportunity for Hong Kong

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Siu-kai Lau
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
National Development ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Purpose The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) Strategy is an important component of the “Belt and Road Initiative” of China. The purpose of this Project is to develop the GBA into the most open, market-oriented and innovative pole of economic growth in China. The GBA Project provides Hong Kong with a rare opportunity to diversify its industrial structure and to move into a new and higher stage of economic development. Design/methodology/approach Being an integral part of the GBA, Hong Kong is expected and supported by the Central Government to develop into a hub of the Area, and, leveraging on Hong Kong’s status as an international metropolis, to connect the Area as a whole with the world. Findings China’s Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Project is a major national development strategy and is a major part of the Belt and Road Initiative. Hong Kong is going to play an important role in the Project and will benefit from it enormously in the future in terms of economic growth and the upgrading of its industrial structure. However, in order to take full advantage of participation in the Project, the way Hong Kong is governed, particularly the government's role in economic development, has to be modified significantly. Originality/value In order to take advantage of the Project, the Hong Kong SAR Government has to play a bigger and more proactive role in Hong Kong’s socioeconomic development and to strengthen its capacity to mobilize societal participation in the Project.

scholarly journals RUSSIA – CHINA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION: SYNERGIZING GREATER EURASIA WITH BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE, 2016-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Containment Policy ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Vladimir Putin ◽  
The Belt And Road

Since 2017 to 2018, the world has been living through a period of progressive erosion, or collapse, of international orders have inherited from the Cold-War. Through the election of Donald Trump in 2016 and the rapid increase of U.S aggressive containment policy of Russia and China, which is both a consequence of the gradual erosion which represents deep internal and international contradictions as this process, entered its critical point. Therefore, in responding to the dynamic changes in International Relations, Kremlin has proactively proposed the Greater Eurasian Partnership for the international cooperation agenda in order to adopt within Belt and Road Initiative. This research attempts to assess the linking possibility of the Greater Eurasia integrate with the Belt and Road Initiative for improving cooperation in explanatory research that can be one of the major indicator to implement Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping agenda-setting in the Indo-Pacific region. The strategic partnership between the development strategies of Russia and China in bilateral, regional, and global relations lays the foundation of improvement cooperation between a number of countries, regions, and organizations. Thus, for the Eurasian Partnership to succeed in the context of Indo-Pacific development, it must strictly comply to World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and take a tolerant attitude toward the diverse mechanisms for cooperation that various countries and regions have developed through. Keywords: Russia, China, Greater Eurasia, Belt and Road Initiative, Indo-Pacific Region   Abstrak   Sejak 2017 hingga 2018, dunia telah mengalami masa erosi progresif, atau runtuhnya tatanan internasional yang diwarisi dari Perang Dingin. Melalui pemilihan Donald Trump pada tahun 2016 dan peningkatan pesat kebijakan penangkalan agresif Amerika Serikat atas Rusia dan Tiongkok, yang keduanya merupakan konsekuensi dari erosi bertahap yang mewakili kontradiksi internal dan internasional yang mendalam ketika proses ini, memasuki titik kritisnya. Oleh karena itu, dalam menanggapi perubahan dinamis dalam Hubungan Internasional, Kremlin telah secara proaktif mengusulkan Kemitraan Eurasia Besar untuk agenda kerja sama internasional agar dapat diadopsi dalam Belt and Road Initiative. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menilai kemungkinan keterkaitan Eurasia Besar dengan Inisiatif Sabuk dan Jalan untuk meningkatkan kerja sama dalam penelitian penjelas yang dapat menjadi salah satu indikator utama untuk mengimplementasikan Vladimir Putin dan penetapan agenda Xi Jinping di kawasan Indo-Pasifik. Kemitraan strategis antara strategi pembangunan Rusia dan Cina dalam hubungan bilateral, regional, dan global meletakkan fondasi peningkatan kerjasama antara sejumlah negara, wilayah, dan organisasi. Dengan demikian, agar Kemitraan Eurasia berhasil dalam konteks pembangunan Indo-Pasifik, ia harus benar-benar mematuhi aturan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO) dan mengambil sikap toleran terhadap beragam mekanisme kerja sama yang telah dikembangkan oleh berbagai negara dan wilayah. Kata-kata kunci: Rusia, Tiongkok, Terbesar Eurasia, Inisiatif Sabuk dan Jalan, kawasan Indo-Pasifik  

scholarly journals Sino-Italian political and economic cooperation: Perspectives and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 113-137
Author(s):  
Slobodan Popović
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Law ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The purpose of this article is to examine Sino-Italian political and economic cooperation. The first part of the paper reviews the still ongoing process of China`s ambitions to present itself as a 'non-Other' to the international society by carrying out economic development and political opening and offering the Belt and Road Initiative to international partners. However, Beijing still faces (un)justified accusation that it affects the implementation of the already established norms, principles and procedures of the international law, sustainable development, geopolitical order, and geoeconomic distribution of wealth. For the purpose of this research, our focus will be on Italian understanding of the maritime perspective of the Belt and Road Initiative. The second part examines tools that the two countries use for overcoming obstacles to political and economic cooperation, whilst striving not just to widen and strengthen mutual trust, sincerity, and pragmatism, but to protect national interests as well.

Belt and Road will alter Asia's energy geography

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Electricity Provision ◽  
The Belt And Road

Subject The implications of the Belt and Road Initiative for the energy sector. Significance One of the aims of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is to increase the stability of the country's many neighbours by supporting their economic development, in part by developing their energy sectors. Improving China's own energy security is another. Impacts Electricity provision in BRI countries will improve, creating better conditions for industry and extending electrification programmes. BRI countries will become increasingly indebted to China, some of them unsustainably so. Chinese investment in power plants may encourage development of regional trading pools, encouraging development of an 'Asian supergrid'.

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