Supporting Clean Energy in the ASEAN: Policy Opportunities from Sustainable Aviation Fuels Initiatives in Indonesia and Malaysia

Sustainable aviation fuels is a strategic long-term solution for zero-carbon aviation industry by 2050, thus underscoring the need to accelerate the deployment through reforms in the relevant key areas. Aligned to the agenda, this paper aims to study the policy opportunities for drop-in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) deployment in the ASEAN by considering the initiatives undertaken. by Indonesia and Malaysia. Four areas are used as coding framework to assess the current status, challenges, and policy opportunities, namely (1) policy, strategy, and reforms; (2) standards and certification system; (3) economic instruments; and (4) international integration. First, the current status and challenges within each country is assessed. Indonesia has shown a more command-and-control approach with an upfront SAF blending mandate. However, it needs to be supported by several compliance measures. Malaysia, on the other hand, has conducted country assessments but no SAF-specific policy has been issued yet. Both countries still lack the economic instruments, while international integration is still relatively under-explored with only limited inter-regional partnerships. As the biggest palm-oil producing countries, Indonesia and Malaysia possess enormous potentials to lead the region in deploying SAF, thus more initiatives are urged.

O POJEDINIM PITANjIMA FINANSIRANjA ZAŠTITE ŽIVOTNE SREDINE NA NIVOU LOKALNIH SAMOUPRAVAU REPUBLICI SRBIJI

Sustainable development is a political concept that brings with it numerous practical and realistic challenges, with special emphasis on those related to the provision, direction and release of resources for the implementation of such a policy. Therefore, the financing of environmental protection is marked as one of the most important issues in the environmental management system, not only in formal strategic documents. In the area of economic instruments for environmental protection at the local level, transparency has been increased and revenue collection and control procedures have been significantly facilitated. Whilst there are indications that ambitious investments are being made in environmental protection, the functionality of the so-called environmental compensations as economic instruments remains questionable. Large polluters should be fiscally affected more severely, and the destination of this revenue for environmental purposes in the budgets of local self-government units should be considered. This is the only path to enable this instrument to produce its "environmental" and not only its fiscal dimension.

Plastic Shopping Bags: Environmental Impacts and Policy Options

<p><b>Due to public concern over the environmental impacts of plastic shopping bags many countries, states, towns and councils are implementing measures to address their use.While a number of individual retailers in New Zealand have taken steps to reduce plastic bag consumption, there has been limited national or regional government action to address plastic shopping bag use. While other countries have favoured economic instruments, such as Ireland's "PlasTax", under a cost benefit analysis research has identified that all policy interventions are cost inefficient.1This thesis uses a mixed comparative approach to investigate the environmental impacts of plastic shopping bags and consumption patterns, in relation to international practice, alternatives to plastic shopping bag, and policy options.</b></p> <p>The mixed comparative approach used in this research is a combination of the philosophies underlying cost benefit analysis, sustainable development, triple bottom line reporting, case studies and policy analysis. Voluntary actions areidentified as the least costly option, but achieve smaller reductions in plastic shopping bag use. In contrast regulatory actions are more likely to achieve greater reductions in plastic bag use, but are costly and have less public and politicalacceptance. Economic instruments while achieving modest to high reductions in plastic shopping bag use, are moderately costly, and also face acceptance and implementation constraints. However, due to strong public pressure for government intervention, and potential implications for future climate change and sustainability initiatives, it is suggested that economic instruments and regulatory options are the most likely choices for government policies to address plastic shopping bags.</p>

Plastic Shopping Bags: Environmental Impacts and Policy Options

<p><b>Due to public concern over the environmental impacts of plastic shopping bags many countries, states, towns and councils are implementing measures to address their use.While a number of individual retailers in New Zealand have taken steps to reduce plastic bag consumption, there has been limited national or regional government action to address plastic shopping bag use. While other countries have favoured economic instruments, such as Ireland's "PlasTax", under a cost benefit analysis research has identified that all policy interventions are cost inefficient.1This thesis uses a mixed comparative approach to investigate the environmental impacts of plastic shopping bags and consumption patterns, in relation to international practice, alternatives to plastic shopping bag, and policy options.</b></p> <p>The mixed comparative approach used in this research is a combination of the philosophies underlying cost benefit analysis, sustainable development, triple bottom line reporting, case studies and policy analysis. Voluntary actions areidentified as the least costly option, but achieve smaller reductions in plastic shopping bag use. In contrast regulatory actions are more likely to achieve greater reductions in plastic bag use, but are costly and have less public and politicalacceptance. Economic instruments while achieving modest to high reductions in plastic shopping bag use, are moderately costly, and also face acceptance and implementation constraints. However, due to strong public pressure for government intervention, and potential implications for future climate change and sustainability initiatives, it is suggested that economic instruments and regulatory options are the most likely choices for government policies to address plastic shopping bags.</p>

Fiscal Economic Instruments for the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Coastal Marine Areas of the Yucatan Peninsula

Fiscal economic instruments (FEI) are indirect regulation mechanisms that generate public revenue for the state through rights to use, charges, and concessions. In Mexico, some of these instruments can be used in the surveillance, administration, and preservation of the environment. In this paper, we analyze the changes in Federal and State growth rates of expenditure budgets in critical areas of the Yucatan Peninsula coast to describe their contribution to sustainable development during the last 12 years. We present an adaptation of the methodological guide of economic instruments for environmental management from CEPAL, with 2013 as the base year for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflator and the use of the Protocol of Nagoya year as an international compromise signed by Mexico. The results obtained show that the expenditure budgets respond to economic, political, and short-term security attention without expectations for sustainability. However, alarming evidence of severe environmental deterioration in the coast is diminishing natural attraction, from tourism, for example, which is the main source of income in the region. The effective use of FEI by local governments may be useful to addressing environmental challenges from a decentralization process with better awareness of the importance of coastal areas for regional sustainability.

Using Economic Instruments to Fix the Liability of Polluters in India

This review paper highlights the informational requirements for the effective use of environmental policy instruments to achieve ambient standards of pollution in India. A section on the Integrated Urban Air Pollution Assessment Model is attempted to identify data requirements for, and information gaps associated with, using these instruments. We review the available information and identify informational gaps that thwart the realization of ambient standards of environmental quality. In India, command-and-control instruments are arbitrarily used to assign liability without taking cognizance of economic estimates. The available cost–benefit estimates of air and water pollution, combined with air quality modelling for urban areas and water quality modelling, are essential inputs for using environmental policy instruments to ensure compliance with ambient standards. We discuss how to use economic estimates while designing and using economic instruments such as pollution taxes and pollution permits, in addition to command and control.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The article analyzes modern theories of economic development, the concept of inclusive growth and development. The intention to follow the path of institutional development was based on the concept of inclusive growth and development. Reducing inequality was reflected in the elimination of social divisions. The author analyzes the concept of inclusive development, developedby scientists and analyzing the validity of the hypothesis of an institutional development policy that combines social innovation with non-classical economic instruments