World Trade Organization and BRICS

The World Trade Organization emerged from the Uruguay Round of 1986 to 1994 and covered development as well as trade—an ambition that had been attempted after the Second World War and the abortive attempt to create an International Trade Organization. Instead, a narrower General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade emerged. The failure of the International Trade Organization arose in part from the different ambitions of less developed or primary producing countries that were not acceptable to advanced industrial countries. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade faced continued pressure from the less developed countries, in particular from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development which put forward a different approach to the global economy and issues of distributive justice. This chapter explains the different approaches and the responses of the more advanced countries.

MEKANISME PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA GATT DAN WTO DITINJAU DARI SEGI HUKUM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA INTERNASIONAL

The development of science and technology and the pattern of community activities in the world increasingly touch each other, need each other and determine each other destiny, but also compete with each other, especially in trade. With the establishment of an international trade organization or WTO increasingly eliminates the boundaries between countries. Therefore many cause problems in the implementation of inter-state trade agreements. This research uses normative legal research with primary data source that is secondary data. The research finds that international dispute resolution mechanism is one of the mechanisms of supervision in international law. While the relation between GATT and WTO dispute settlement method with international dispute settlement that is both can be done judicially and non-judicially.

World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a complex organization with a plethora of apparent contradictions. This chapter offers an introduction to the WTO and its role in governing global trade. It examines the organization’s evolution from a failed post-war attempt to create the International Trade Organization (ITO), the emergence in the ITO’s place of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the eventual creation of today’s WTO. The chapter then explores its organizational fundamentals as well as some of the issues likely to loom largest on the global trade agenda in the coming years before offering some concluding comments.

What if? Counterfactual (Hi)Stories of International Law

This paper proposes to think counterfactually about international law: How could it have been otherwise? Asking that question has the benefit of, first, exposing contingencies in international law’s development that are otherwise glossed over in the rush towards making sense of what happened. Second, counterfactual thinking supports the understanding of what actually happened in a context-sensitive fashion. Third, it forms part of comparative moral assessments and exposes blind spots. Counterfactual thinking may thus contribute to the freedom from necessity, from grand theory, and from reality. The paper draws the contours of what writing counterfactual (hi)stories of international law is about, discusses its merits as well as drawbacks, offers guidance on how to do it, and then focuses on two probing examples: What if the International Trade Organization had been established around 1949? What if garment workers were seals and the European Commission prohibited the importation of certain textiles?