Denken und Welt – Wege kritischer Metaphysik

We begin by considering two common ways of conceiving critical metaphysics. According to the first (and polemical) conception, critical metaphysics analyses nothing more than the form of thought and thereby misses the proper point of metaphysics, namely to investigate the form of reality. According to the second (and affirmative) conception, critical metaphysics starts from the supposed insight that the form of reality can’t be other than the form of thought and it is thus not necessary to analyse anything but that form. We argue that the first conception is too weak while the second is too strong. Then we sketch an alternative conception of critical metaphysics, a conception we find expressed both in Kant’s B-Deduction and in the way Barry Stroud has recently investigated the possibilities of metaphysics. According to such a conception, a properly critical metaphysics needs to proceed in two steps: first, it needs to analyze the most general and necessary form of any thought that is about an objective reality at all; second, it needs to investigate how that form of thought relates to the reality it purports to represent. But unlike Kant, Stroud remains sceptical regarding the possibility of a satisfying transition from thought to reality in metaphysics. We argue that this dissatisfaction can be traced back to a notion of objectivity and reality in terms of complete mind-independence. Then we sketch an alternative notion of objectivity and reality in terms of distinctness from subjects and acts of thinking, and argue that it is that notion that allows Kant, with his Transcendental Idealism, to make the transition required for any satisfying metaphysics, namely that from the form of thought to reality.

IDEOLOGI KEMANUSIAAN DALAM PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM

<em>THE IDEOLOGY OF HUMANITY IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION.Undang Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional (UUSPN) Number 20 of 2003 explains that one of the main goals of education is that learners have spiritual and religious strength and noble character. It shows how important the position of Islamic education in the context of national education. In addition, the formulation of education contains clearly about humanity aspects that are implemented into the reality of social life so that the system of social life order created a sense of mutual respect, peace, harmony without any conflict among others. Therefore, the ideology of humanity is absolutely necessary to be implemented by the teachers (Guru PAI). This study will discuss at least three things: the understanding of Islamic Education, the understanding of humanity ideology and how to implement the ideology of humanity in Islamic education. In its implementation, the ideology of humanity can be done normatively and technically. Normatively can be done by having a proper point of view to the students in all aspects of education, technically can be done by applying some learning approaches such as active learning, cooperative learning, and fun learning.</em>

Group-Theoretical Approach to Reduced Orientation Spaces for Crystallographic Textures

A unified group-theoretical approach to the reduction problem for the orientation space of a crystallographic texture is developed. After preliminary considerations of the three-dimensional rotation group SO(3) the concept of the invariant inner distance function in the group space has been introduced. Left and right group translations, inner auto-morphisms, motions of general form, and inversion transforms in the space SO(3) are analysed. The concept of Dirichlet-Voronoi partition dual to an arbitrary finite set of rotations has been considered. It is shown that the Dirichlet-Voronoi partition, dual to the proper point group for the grain lattice of original orientation, is regular with respect to the group of motions generated by elements of proper point group.It is demonstrated that the true orientation space of a texture (at the absence of specimen symmetry) may be obtained by passing to the topological closure of any Dirichlet-Voronoi domain with the next, identifying crystallographically equivalent rotations belonging to its topological boundary. Thus an invariant derivation for the reduced (true) orientation space is given that does not require using any particular parametrization for the group space SO(3).Symmetry properties of Dirichlet-Voronoi domains are studied in conclusion. It is shown that any domain of such kind admits a finite group of symmetries generated by elements of a proper point group and by an appropriate inversion of the group space SO(3). It is proved that only part of them may be extended onto the true orientation space.

On the calculation of refraction in model atmospheres

Approximations have been removed from the derivation of the coefficients in the binomial expansion for astronomical refraction, , allowing the calculation of any number of terms to any precision desired. The range of the refraction formula has been extended to greater zenith distances (<90°) by inserting a damping factor into the binomial formula, truncating the expansion at a proper point, and rearranging the terms. Another, computer-manipulated series has been developed for zenith distances at or near the horizon. Further applications include the calculation of photogrammetric and parallactic refractions, as well as range corrections in satellite geodesy.