Role of the lattice-energy from chemical-agents in the activation of highly-condensed carbons

Highly condensed carbons from pet-coke were first treated with Na/K hydroxides and carbonates and then with H2SO4. The esterification reaction of palmitic acid reached conversions up to 97 % on the yielded activated carbons. Results evince the relationship between the efficacy of Na/K hydroxides and carbonates as treatment agents and their lattice potential energy. Moreover, the analysis of carbonaceous solids confirms that both surface area and acidity are primary factors promoting activity in the esterification reaction. Furthermore, the results do not indicate a direct relationship between the activity and the oxidized species (SOx) arising from the treatment with H2SO4. The relatively low melting and decomposition temperature of Na/K hydroxides can improve their effect on the pet-coke matrix, leading to higher surface areas, acidities, and catalytic activities than treatment with carbonates. That supports an affinity between the carboxyl functions of fatty acid molecules and the polar and catalytically active centers of hydroxide-treated solid surface.

The extended Zintl–Klemm concept, ionic strength I and assessment of the relative stability of lattices using the stability enhancement ratio S

This article examines the comparison between the classical formulations used to describe silicates and that derived from the application of the extended Zintl–Klemm concept (EZKC). The ionic strength, I, for 25 silicate lattices is calculated taking into account both formulations, and the results show that, in every single one of the examples, the ionic strength of the Zintl polyanion is higher than that of the classical model which assigns a formal charge of 4+ for silicon. Our earlier study, firstly applied to the germanate (NH4)2Ge[6][Ge[4] 6O15] [Vegas & Jenkins (2017). Acta Cryst. B73, 94–100] and to the polyanion [Ge[4] 6O15]6− equivalent to the pseudo-As2O5 derived from it, explained satisfactorily the charge transfer that takes place in the Zintl compounds. The value of I = ½∑nizi 2 for the Zintl polyanion was greater than for the compound as formulated in the classical way. In that article, a meaningful relationship was found between the electron transfers as defined by the EZKC and the ionic strength I of the anion [Ge[4] 6O15]6− ≡ Ψ-As2O5. Because the ionic strength, I, of a lattice is directly proportional to the lattice potential energy, U POT, the higher the I the greater the U POT; thus it is harder to break up the lattice into its constituent ions and hence the lattice itself is more stable, giving support to the idea that the application of the EZKC and the resulting electron shifts yields structures which are inherently thermodynamically more stable than the starting configuration.